DNA & Protein Structure
The descriptions of the backbone and "base-appendages" that make up the structure of deoxyribonucleicacid
what are phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases?
The central dogma and the processes in between each part, and where each occurs within a eukaryotic cell
What is:
DNA --(transcription: nucleus)--> mRNA --(translation: cytoplasm)--> protein
All the chemical reactions that occur in an organism
What is metabolism?
The 6-carbon molecule that is the starting molecule for glycolysis
What is glucose?
The organelle where photosynthesis occurs
What about where the Calvin cycle occurs?
What is the chloroplast?
Calvin cycle in the stroma
(light reactions in the thylakoid membrane)
The complex of DNA and histones that resemble beads on a string
what is chromatin?
The roles of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA in transcription/ translation
What is:
mRNA is made from DNA in transcription and carries instructions (genetic code) for protein synthesis in translation
tRNA delivers amino acids and matches its anticodon to a codon in translation
rRNA is the protein that performs translation
The "key" in the lock-and-key expression
(enzymes are the lock)
What is a substrate?
The molecule that pyruvate is converted into before entering the citric acid cycle
Acetyl-CoA
The phase of photosynthesis that produces ATP and NADPH using light energy
What are the light reactions?
A mutation changes one amino acid in a protein from a hydrophobic amino acid to a hydrophilic amino acid. Explain how this change could affect the protein’s structure and function
The change could alter interactions with water and other R groups, affecting protein folding and its three-dimensional shape. This could change the protein’s function
A measure of disorder or randomness
BONUS: How is it mentioned in the 2nd law of thermodynamics?
What is entropy?
BONUS: Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe or system
The series of proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons and pump protons
What is the electron transport chain?
These two products from the light reactions power the Calvin cycle
What are ATP and NADPH?
The structure of a protein that has interactions between beta sheets and alpha helices as well as interactions between R groups
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
The modification to pre-mRNA that can lead to cancer progression when it improperly switches tumor-suppressor genes to alternative isoforms, or turns on protein variants that block cell death,
and the other two modifications made to pre-mRNA
What is splicing (using spliceosome?)
What is
1. 5' cap (modified nucleotide to protect)
2. poly- a tail (100-250 bp of adenosine added to 3' end
Functions of an enzyme
What is lowering activation energy to catalyze/accelerate reactions
The phase of glycolysis that consumes ATP to convert one molecule of glucose into two G3P molecules
What is the preparatory phase?
The enzyme that fixes carbon dioxide during the Calvin cycle but can also bind oxygen
What is Rubisco?
DOUBLE JEOPARDY: The special amino acid that is characterized by its ability to restrict protein folding and results in sharp bends in protein structure
What is proline?
The enzyme that attaches methionine to an uncharged tRNA molecule at its 3' end before initiating translation in the P site of rRNA
What is aminoacyl tRNA synthase
A chemical reaction that is spontaneous and has a negative delta G (change in free energy)
Exergonic
The type of energy within the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane that powers ATP synthesis
What is potential energy?
The electron carrier that transfers electrons from Complex III to Complex IV in the mitochondrial electron transport chain
What is cytochrome c?