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Even More Genetics
DNA Synthesis
Transcription
Translation
Real World
100
A "carrier" of a recessive trait is what genotype?
heterozygous
100
What does it mean to be antiparallel? Complementary?
Antiparallel means one strand runs 5' to 3' and the other runs 3' to 5'. Complementary means that A pairs with T and C pairs with G.
100
During transcription, _________ is made (based off the DNA template).
mRNA
100
Translation is the assembly of _____________ (using mRNA as a template).
protein
100
What classification term is taxonomically lower than species? kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, ___________
subspecies
200
In humans, ______ allele(s) for blood type are dominant, while ______ allele(s) are recessive.
A and B dominant, 0 recessive
200
Which enzyme "unzips" the two DNA strands during synthesis?
helicase
200
Which of these is the template strand? 5' CCCTTT 3' 3' GGGAAA 5'
3' GGGAAA 5'
200
What organelle assists translation?
ribosome
200
What do the words conspecific and congener mean?
Conspecific = members of the same species. Congener = members of the same genus.
300
Independent Assortment occurs during _______________ (phase of cell cycle/mitosis/meiosis).
Metaphase 1 (meiosis). Independent assortment leads to genetic diversity in a population.
300
Are Okazaki fragments found on the leading strand or the lagging strand during synthesis?
lagging strand
300
What enzyme synthesizes (makes) mRNA during transcription?
RNA polymerase
300
What happens at each of the 3 sites of the ribosome?
A - arrival (for all but first tRNA), acts like a waiting room P - protein assembly (and where the first tRNA binds) E - exit site for the tRNA
300
The goal of conservation biology is to preserve ______________ ______________.
biological diversity
400
True/False - If you wanted to determine what chance your future children have for a particular trait, you use a separate Punnett square for each pregnancy.
true. Each pregnancy is an independent event. For example, a 50% chance of being awesome: The first child will have a 50% chance of being awesome, the second child will have a 50% chance of being awesome, the third child will have a 50% chance of being awesome, the fourth child will have a 50% chance of being awesome, etc.
400
Which of these is the leading strand? 5' AAACCC 3' 3' TTTGGG 5'
3' TTTGGG 5' Enzymes "read" DNA 3-to-5
400
What sequence of mRNA would be made from the following DNA sequence: 5' CCCTTT 3' 3' GGGAAA 5'
5' CCCUUU 3' The bottom strand is the template strand. Remember, enzymes read DNA 3-to-5. They make things 5-to-3.
400
Each molecule of tRNA has a(n) _______________ on one end and a(n) ________________ on the other end.
anticodon on one end, amino acid on the other end
400
___________ is the study of evolutionary relationships, evolutionary history, and the diversification of life on earth.
Systematics
500
What is the biological definition of evolution?
change in allele frequencies over time. Remember, evolution can move towards a beneficial trait (especially if driven by natural selection), but evolution can also be random (with no benefit to the species).
500
During synthesis, new nucleotides are added at the ___' end of the new strand.
3'. DNA is made 5-to-3.
500
BACK TO DNA SYNTHESIS! What is the difference in function between DNA Polymerase III and DNA Polymerase I?
3 lays down DNA nucleotides continuously. 1 only replaces RNA (the primers) with DNA.
500
If a DNA segment reads 5' ATGCCCATA 3', determine the following: The complementary DNA strand The mRNA that would be transcribed The tRNA sequence that would match it The protein that would be translated
Given: 5' ATGCCCATA 3' DNA: 3' TACGGGTAT 5' mRNA: 5' AUGCCCAUA 3' tRNA: 3'UAC5' 3'GGG5' 3'UAU5' Protein: Met-Pro-Tyr
500
FINAL QUESTION: If a cell has 2n=10 chromosomes, how many tetrads are present during mitosis?
None! There is no pairing of homologous chromosomes into tetrads during mitosis. That only happens in meiosis 1.