Joints
A ligament attaches what together?
Bone to Bone
T or F: Smooth muscle is striated and involuntary
False: Smooth muscle is voluntary but lacks striations (smooth)
Voluntary, skeletal muscle is part of what division in the nervous system?
Somatic Nervous System
Organize the meninges from innermost to outermost?
Pia mater -> Arachnoid mater -> Dura Mater
What neurotransmitter is secreted by nearly all sympathetic postganglionic neurons?
Norepinephrine (NE)
What joint provides attachment of a tooth to its socket?
Gomphosis
When we inhale, does our diaphragm contract or relax?
Contracts
Neurons that send signal away from the CNS or brain are classified as:
Motor (efferent) neurons
A 52-year-old man suffers a traumatic brain injury in a motorcycle accident. Upon recovery, he can accurately recall personal details, past experiences, and even the events immediately before the crash. However, during his hospital stay, he repeatedly asks the same questions, forgets names of his nurses shortly after meeting them, and is unable to remember any new information given during rehabilitation sessions.
What kind of amnesia is experienced?
Anterograde amnesia
Which communicating ramus carry postganglionic unmyelinated fibers?
Gray
By axis, the wrist joint can be classified as what?
Biaxial
Is the latissimus dorsi muscle, which moves the arm at the shoulder joint, classified as extrinsic or intrinsic?
Extrinsic
What supporting cells make up the central nervous system?
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglia
Astrocytes
The rhombencephalon divides into two secondary brain vesicles:
Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
Sometimes called the "second brain," this division of the autonomic nervous system controls gastrointestinal function independently of the CNS.
Enteric nervous system
A third-class lever has what in the middle?
Effort in the middle
What must be released at the neuromuscular junction for muscle contraction be be initiated?
Acetylcholine
During which phase of an action potential do sodium ions rapidly enter the neuron, causing the inside of the membrane to become more positive?
Depolarization
This area allows for the comprehension of spoken and written language, while another region generates the motor program necessary for speech.
*must include corresponding lobes
Wernicke’s area in the temporal lobe and Broca’s area in the frontal lobe
This type of cholinergic receptor is always excitatory, found on postganglionic neuron cell bodies in autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla cells, and skeletal muscle fibers, and works by opening ligand-gated ion channels.
Nicotinic receptors
What type of joint connects bones with dense connective tissue and allows little to no movement?
Fibrous joint
The muscles of the infrahyoid group are:
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
omohyoid
This type of axonal transport moves materials to the axon terminal via kinesin, while its opposite direction uses dynein to return materials to the soma.
anterograde and retrograde transport
These three cranial nerves control the extraocular muscles, with one innervating the lateral rectus, another the superior oblique, and the third handling the rest.
*need name and number
cranial nerves VI (abducens), IV (trochlear), and III (oculomotor)
These sympathetic nervous system receptors are typically excitatory and may act through second messengers like IP₃ to cause smooth muscle contraction.
Alpha-adrenergic receptors