BSC228 Digestive & Metabolism

Biochem

100

This type of reaction is responsible for breaking polymers of organic compounds into monomers

Hydrolysis

200

This is a molecule produced from fatty acids during prolonged fasting.

Ketones

300

The primary molecule used to store short-term energy in humans

Glycogen

400

This is the central metabolic intermediate formed before entering the Krebs cycle

Acetyl Co-A

500

This metabolic pathway is inhibited by insulin and stimulated by glucagon in the liver.

Gluconeogenesis

Pancreas Physiology

100

This transporter increases glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and fat in response to insulin release

GLUT4

200

This ion influx triggers insulin vesicle release

Ca²⁺

300

This endocrine portion of the pancreas contains alpha, beta, and delta cells.

Islets of Langerhans 

400

These cells are involved in exocrine pancreatic functions, releasing enzymes to help digest each biological macromolecule

Acinar Cells

500

This is what alpha, beta, and delta cells release (label each product of each cell)

Glucagon

Insulin

Somatostatin

Fuel Selection

100

This is the preferred fuel of skeletal muscle at rest. 

Fatty acids / triglycerides 

200

This is the preferred fuel of the brain under normal conditions. 

Glucose

300

During prolonged fasting, the brain can switch to using these molecules.

Ketones

400

This macronutrient is primarily used only during starvation conditions.

Proteins / amino acids

500

This metabolic shift helps “spare” glucose for the brain during fasting

Increased oxidation  of fats

Stomach Physiology

100

This hormone stimulates HCl secretion from parietal cells.

Gastrin

200

This paracrine signal enhances acid secretion via H₂ receptors.

Histamine

300

This protects the stomach lining from self-digestion.

Mucous / Bicarbonate barrier

400

This ion is secreted into the blood during HCl production, causing alkaline tide.

Bicarbonate

500

This bacterium is the most common cause of peptic ulcers.

Helicobacter pylori

Combined Physiology

100

Monosaccharides and amino acids enter circulation through these vessels.

Capillaries

200

This converts pepsinogen into pepsin.

HCl

300

This is the pH of the stomach that enables protein digestion 

2

400

This process releases glucose from glycogen.

Glycogenolysis

500

This paracrine hormone decreases insulin secretion from beta cells.

Somatostatin