Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values
Which of the Big Five personality traits describes someone who is organised, dependable, and goal-directed?
A. Agreeableness
B. Conscientiousness
C. Openness
D. Extraversion
B. Conscientiousness
The tendency to evaluate others more favourably because of one outstanding positive trait is known as:
A. Selective perception
B. The halo effect
C. Attribution error
D. Contrast effect
B. The halo effect
Which component of attitude refers to a person's positive or negative feeling about an object?
A. Cognitive
B. Behavioural
C. Affective
D. Evaluative
C. Affective
Maslow's hierarchy of needs places which need at the top?
A. Safety
B. Social
C. Self-actualisation
D. Esteem
C. Self-actualisation
The rational decision-making model assumes that the decision maker has:
A. Limited information
B. Complete and perfect information
C. Emotional bias
D. Group input
B. Complete and perfect information
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classifies people along how many dimensions?
A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Five
C. Four
Attribution theory is primarily concerned with:
A. Motivating employees
B. How people explain the causes of behaviour
C. Group decision making
D. Communication channels
B. How people explain the causes of behaviour
Job satisfaction, job involvement, and organisational commitment are all examples of:
A. Personality traits
B. Work-related attitudes
C. Cognitive biases
D. Motivational theories
B. Work-related attitudes
Herzberg's two-factor theory distinguishes between hygiene factors and:
A. Intrinsic rewards
B. Motivators
C. Extrinsic rewards
D. Physical needs
B. Motivators
Bounded rationality suggests that humans make decisions that are:
A. Perfectly optimal
B. Satisficing — good enough
C. Purely emotional
D. Based on group consensus
B. Satisficing — good enough
A person high in 'neuroticism' is most likely to experience which of the following?
A. High creativity
B. Emotional instability
C. Strong leadership
D. High agreeableness
B. Emotional instability
When a manager assumes an employee failed due to laziness rather than a difficult task, this illustrates:
A. Self-serving bias
B. Fundamental attribution error
C. Selective perception
D. Stereotyping
B. Fundamental attribution error
Emotional labour refers to:
A. Physical effort at work
B. Managing emotions to fulfil job requirements
C. Controlling stress levels
D. Being emotionally intelligent
B. Managing emotions to fulfil job requirements
Goal-setting theory suggests that goals are most motivating when they are:
A. Vague and general
B. Specific and challenging
C. Easy and achievable
D. Set by management alone
B. Specific and challenging
Anchoring bias refers to the tendency to rely heavily on:
A. The most recent information
B. The first piece of information encountered
C. Peer opinions
D. Statistical data
B. The first piece of information encountered
Terminal values refer to which of the following?
A. Work-related values
B. Desirable end-states of existence
C. Means of achieving goals
D. Personality traits
B. Desirable end-states of existence
Which perceptual shortcut involves assuming others share the same attitudes as oneself?
A. Halo effect
B. Contrast effect
C. Projection
D. Stereotyping
C. Projection
Which of the following is a challenge-stressor that can actually improve performance?
A. Role ambiguity
B. Interpersonal conflict
C. Work overload with clear goals
D. Abusive supervision
C. Work overload with clear goals
Equity theory proposes that employees compare their:
A. Salary to market rates
B. Input-outcome ratio to that of others
C. Job satisfaction to peers
D. Workload to job description
B. Input-outcome ratio to that of others
Which decision-making style is best suited for novel, complex problems with high uncertainty?
A. Programmed decision
B. Non-programmed decision
C. Routine decision
D. Rule-based decision
B. Non-programmed decision
According to the proactive personality concept, proactive individuals are best described as:
A. Reactive to change
B. Waiting for instructions
C. Identifying opportunities and acting on them
D. Avoiding conflict
C. Identifying opportunities and acting on them
The process through which individuals organise and interpret sensory information to give meaning to their environment is called:
A. Attribution
B. Motivation
C. Perception
D. Learning
C. Perception
Cognitive dissonance occurs when:
A. An employee is promoted
B. Two attitudes or an attitude and behaviour are inconsistent
C. A team achieves its goals
D. A manager delegates authority
B. Two attitudes or an attitude and behaviour are inconsistent
In expectancy theory, 'instrumentality' refers to the belief that:
A. Effort will lead to performance
B. Performance will lead to a reward
C. The reward is valued
D. The job is meaningful
B. Performance will lead to a reward
Groupthink is most likely to occur when a team has:
A. High diversity of opinion
B. Strong cohesion and pressure to conform
C. Experienced conflict
D. Open communication norms
B. Strong cohesion and pressure to conform