Carefully Conditioned Contingencies
Although tokens are delivered immediately, back-up reinforcers are delivered with this type of consequence.
What is a delayed consequence?
Requesting, pointing, crying, hitting, and sighing loudly can all represent forms of this.
What is communication?
This is the reason why manding is the first verbal operant to be taught.
What is because mands directly benefit the learner & it is the only verbal operant that is directly tied to the consequence?
Direct Instruction teaches according to this, while mainstream education teaches according to this.
What is skill level vs. grade / chronological age?
To use joint control procedures to teach listener responding, the learner must first have this pre-requisite.
What is discriminating between stimuli?
Thinning schedules of reinforcement with token systems should be done this way to prevent slowed or halted responding.
What is gradually, slowly, or systematically?
Molly’s caregivers frequently anticipate her needs and provide daily wants regularly. Molly is delayed in learning how to communicate her own wants and needs. This pre-requisite for communication is missing in this scenario.
What is a desire to communicate or MO?
This should be the consequence for a mand for removal.
What is the removal of an aversive stimulus?
Luke is learning to complete multiplication facts fluently. He is already accurate with this task but needs to increase this to be truly fluent.
What is speed?
Instructors need to ensure that learners have this pre-requisite when teaching more advanced skills requiring joint control.
What is a self-echoic response?
This type of token system allows learners to earn as many tokens as they can to cash in for various back-up reinforcers.
What is a menu method token system?
This type of effort is increased when someone is an initiator in a communication exchange.
What is response effort?
Occasionally providing ‘free’ (e.g., not requiring a mand) access to stimuli used during mand training helps to avoid this.
What is killing / reducing the MO?
This is a pinpoint that describes Teddy learning how to vocally tact different textures (e.g., soft vs. rough) within a discrete trial training context.
What is feel-says texture during ITT?
Being able to identify that strawberries are sweeter than lemons, without being directly taught this relationship but knowing generally what "more/less" or "sweet/sour" means, is an example of this.
What is a derived relation?
Tag points must be this for instructors to be able to confirm a tag point was completed successfully.
What is observable?
The only thing an instructor should say during a sign mand training trial is this.
What is the name/label of the item being requested?
A learner must consider attention this if they are going to learn to mand for attention.
What is valuable?
Direct Instruction creates this over "think time" using signals.
What is stimulus control?
The relationship between a loonie and $1.00 is this type of relation.
What is non-equivalent / symbolic / arbitrary?
This type of prompting can be eliminated using TAG teaching.
What is physical prompting?
This skill is introduced in Phase 3 of PECS training that requires learners to select the correct picture for the item they are requesting.
What is discrimination?
The reinforcer for a mand for information must match this.
What is the information being requested?
If someone is fluent with responding, they can continue to engage in that behaviour for longer periods of time. This is a benefit of fluency-based instruction.
What is endurance and maintenance?
Acceptance and commitment therapy helps people remain better in touch with this for their present-moment behaviours.
What is context / values?