DNA Functions
What are the three components of DNA?
Phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base.
Procedure in lab used to separate different sizes of proteins.
Size Exclusion Column Chromatography
BONUS Q: We measure DNA/RNA in base pairs, what are the units to measure proteins?
What is a plasmid?
A plasmid is a small, circular DNA molecule found in bacteria that replicates independently of the chromosomal DNA.
What is the purpose of the ELISA test?
To detect the presence of specific proteins or antibodies.
Enzyme used in PCR to copy DNA and can withstand high temperatures
Taq DNA Polymerase
BONUS Q: At what temperature does the taq DNA Polymerase copy DNA?
What enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between DNA nucleotides?
DNA helicase.
What binds to the active site of the enzyme to catalyze the reaction?
Substrate
Which is the correct order of fragments appearing from top to bottom on a gel? (in base pairs)
a. 5200, 3500, 200
b. 200, 5200, 3500
c. 3500, 200, 5200
d. 200, 3500, 5200
a. 5200, 3500, 200
Why are blocking agents used in ELISA?
A) To prevent non-specific binding to the plate
B) To enhance the signal strength
C) To increase enzyme activity
D) To denature the antigens
a. To prevent non-specific binding to the plate.
Which is NOT involved in RCR?
a) Nucleotides (dNTPs)
b) Helicase
c) Buffer
d) Primers
Helicase.
Glues together Okazaki fragments by covalent bonding in DNA replication.
DNA ligase.
How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions (catalyze reactions)?
By lowering the activation energy.
Enzyme that cuts DNA internally by breaking the bonds between the phosphate and sugar.
Restriction endonuclease.
Which region is responsible for the binding of foreign-specific antigens?
Variable region.
What does reverse transcriptase do?
RNA --> DNA
1) Which RNA molecule reads codons in threes and transports amino acids to the ribosomes?
2) Which RNA molecule transports DNA fragments outside of the nucleus to the ribosome for translation?
1) tRNA
2) mRNA
What type of bond holds amino acids?
Peptide bonds.
What selects only those with the plasmid can grow?
Selectable marker (ex. ampicillin, IPTG, kanamycin) allows antibiotic resistance.
What is an antibody and its structure?
Y-shaped protein responsible for recognizing foreign antigens.
What are primers?
Landing spots where DNA polymerase can copy the gene.
Specifically which DNA polymerase copies DNA from 5' to 3' direction?
DNA polymerase III.
Why was hemoglobin excluded from our lab experiment?
Hemoglobin is bigger in size than the beads and therefore does not interact with them.
What type of molecule does the SDS detergent resemble or mimic in its structure for the DNA Extraction lab?
A lipid.
List the steps of ELISA that resulted in the final color change of yellow.
1) Patient antibodies bind to the antigens in the well. (variable region)
2)Enzyme-linked antibodies bind to the patient's antibody. (constant region)
3) Substate binds to the active site of the enzyme and causes a color change.
What are the three steps of PCR?
Denaturalization, annealing, extension.