Redox and Enzymes
What does OIL RIG stand for?
Oxidation is loss, reduction is gain
Why do we say glycolysis nets 2 ATP when it generates 4?
Because 2 are used at the start
Where do citric acid cycle and ETC occur
the mitochondria
How does P680 replace it's electron?
from water
what are kinetochores?
Proteins surrounding the centromere of sister chromatids
ATP
What is the purpose of fermentation?
to regenerate NADH to NAD+ which allows glycolysis to continue
Why is oxygen the final electron acceptor of the ETC?
Because it is super electronegative
Photosynthesis has 2 parts, what are they?
Energy transduction and carbon assimilation.
Which cytoskeletal structures are polar and what are they made of?
microtubules and microfilaments. microtubules are made from tubulin and microfilaments from actin
Since ATP is involved in some steps, different enzymes are needed for those parts
Name the starting and ending product for each phase of glycolysis
Phase 1: glucose--> glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Phase 2: G3P --> 3-phosphoglycerate
Phase 3: 3PG --> pyruvate
What is the pathway of an e- from NADH in the ETC?
Complex I --> CoQ --> complex III --> cyt c --> complex IV
How does P700 replace its electron?
from plastocyanin
Mitosis phases in order
Prophase --> prometaphase --> metaphase --> anaphase --> telophase --> cytokinesis
What function do enzymes serve in biological reactions?
lowering the activation energy of reactions therefore speeding them up
List the 3 enzymes involved in fermentation
Pyruvate decarboxylase, alcohol dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase
Name the 6 main intermediates in the citric acid cycle in order
Citric acid, ketoglutarate, succinyl-coA, succinate, fumarate, oxaloacetate
What function do accessory pigments serve?
give 3 reasons why cells divide
growth, repairing damaged cells, and reproduction
Would the ball on a hill be an accurate way to represent the breakdown of glucose?
glucose + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O
No, glucose is broken down in many steps, not one big reaction
Why have we kept using glycolysis if it is so inefficient?
We built off of it to make it better instead of losing it altogether
What are prosthetic groups?
non-protein carrier molecules that bind to a protein and act as an electron carrier
What is the most abundant protein in the world and what does it do?
RuBisco, combines ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate with atmospheric CO2 to make a 6 carbon molecule then cleaves it into 3PG
Which cytoskeletal structure pulls sister chromatids apart and where do they originate from during mitosis?
microtubules (spindle fibers) originate from the centrosome during mitosis