Unit 1: Perspective
A type of graph showing the decline in littering rates after public awareness campaigns.
What is an example of a behaviour-time graph
__________the primary mechanism behind evolutionary change, shaping species over time and leading to biodiversity.
Natural selection
________ is having access to sufficient amounts of safe drinking water.
Water security
Soils have an important role in the recycling of elements as a part of _____________
biogeochemical cycles.
Molecules in the atmosphere are pulled towards the Earth’s surface by gravity.
This means:
inversely proportional to distance, the atmosphere thins as altitude increases.
Standard lapse rate (about one degree C for every 100 m altitude).
Air expands as it moves upward, and contracts as it moves downward
Since the upward-moving and expanding parcel does work but gains no heat, it loses internal energy so that its temperature decreases. Downward-moving and contracting air has work done on it, so it gains internal energy and its temperature increases.
Only the troposphere (up to approximately 12 kilometres of altitude) in the Earth's atmosphere undergoes convection: the stratosphere does not generally convect.
occur when the output of a process inhibits or reverses the operation of the same process in such a way as to reduce change. They are stabilizing as they counteract deviation.
Negative feedback loops
--------- describes possible outcomes of the shared unrestricted use of a resource, with implications for sustainability and the impacts on biodiversity.
The tragedy of the commons
is the mass, vertical movement of cold, nutrient-rich waters from the depths to the surface in response to displacement of wind-blown surface waters
Upwelling
Name transformations within soils can change the components or the whole soil system.
decomposition, weathering, nutrient cycling and salinization
Soil conservation techniques
Water—terracing, contour ploughing, bunding, drainage systems, use of cover crops
Wind—planting tree/hedge windbreaks, use of cover crops
Soil conditioners—lime, use of organic materials. such as compost, green manure
Cultivation techniques—avoid marginal land, avoid overgrazing or overcropping, strip cultivation, mixed cropping, crop rotation, reduced tillage, agroforestry, reduced use of heavy machinery
Advocate for radical shifts in human consciousness to achieve harmonious coexistures with natures.
Who deep ecologists
Species-based conservation tends to involve _____ strategies, and habitat-based conservation tends to involve _____strategies.
ex situ
in situ
are driven by differences in temperature and salinity. The resulting differences in water density drives the ocean conveyor belt, which distributes heat around the world and thus affects climate.
Thermohaline circulation systems
Name transfers occur across soil horizons, into and out of soils
infiltration, percolation, groundwater flow, biological mixing, aeration, erosion and leaching.
The principles of a _____ provide a holistic perspective on sustainable waste management.
circular economy
_______=70/Growth rate
Niger 3.2
India 1.2
United States 0.3
Japan -0.3
Doubling rate: the amount of time a population will double. Rule of 70, estimates the doubling time based on the growth rate of the population.
Niger 21.9 yrs
India: 58.3 yrs
United States: 233.3 yrs
Japan: N/A (declining)
What are the three levels of biodiversity?
Habitat, species and genetic diversity.
is the highest possible annual catch that can be sustained over time, so it should be used to set caps on fishing quotas.
The maximum sustainable yield (MSY)
________can be determined using a key, a feel test or by mixing with water and separating the layers in the laboratory.
Soil texture
Explain the tricellular model
The tricellular circulation model describes how energy and moisture move between the equator and the poles through three interconnected circulation cells in each hemisphere: the Hadley cell, the Ferrel cell, and the Polar cell.
_______ assumes all environmental issues can be resolved through technology.
______ views humankind as being the central, most important element of existence, and it splits into a wide variety of views.
_________ sees the natural world as having pre-eminent importance and intrinsic value.
Technotrism
Anthropocentrism
Ecocentrism
_____________ is the process by which new species arise due to geographic isolation, preventing gene flow between populations.
Allopatric speciation
In aquatic systems _________is assessed by monitoring dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, turbidity, and concentrations of nitrates, phosphates, specific metals and total suspended solids.
Water quality
The Green Revolution used breeding
of high-yielding crop plants—combined with increased and improved irrigation systems, synthetic fertilizer and application of pesticides—to increase food security. It has been criticized for its sociocultural, economic and environmental consequences.
Explain CFC and environmental impact & it's solution:
Explain HFC and environmental impact & it's solution.
Explain photochemical smog and environmental impact and it's solution:
CFCs-Chlorofluorocarbons are refrigerants, aerosol propellants, foam blowing agents, and industrial solvents and proved catastrophic when these compounds reached the stratosphere, where they catalytically destroy ozone molecules, leading to the formation of the Antarctic ozone hole discovered in the 1980s. By 2005 the consumption of ozone-depleting chemicals controlled by Montreal Protocol and amendments CFC;s had fallen by 90–95 percent in the countries that were parties to the protocol.
HFCs-hydrofluorocarbons are synthetic chemicals that have been used as refrigerants and propellants in various industries and were environmentally friendly alternative to CFC. While HFCs do not deplete the ozone layer, they are potent greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. As a result, there is ongoing research and development to find even The Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol whereby the Parties agreed to phase down HFCs.
Photochemical smog ingrediants: nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), emerged as urbanization and automobile usage intensified. These compounds undergo complex photochemical reactions in the presence of sunlight, generating secondary pollutants including ground-level ozone & peroxyacetyl nitrates. Changing to EV cars, Energy efficient factories.