Perception
What is the name of the area at the exact center of the retina where cone cells are densely packed, providing the sharpest visual acuity and detail?
While watching a video of people passing a basketball, Sam focuses so hard on counting passes that he completely fails to notice a person in a gorilla suit walk across the screen. What is this phenomenon called?
Inattentional Blindness
Slow, high-amplitude brain waves with deep, wide peaks with the person is in a detached, restorative sleep state. Which wave type is being observed, and in what type of sleep?
Delta wave - SLOW WAVE SLEEP
In Pavlov's classic experiment, dogs naturally salivated when food was placed in their mouths. Over time, they began salivating at the sight of the lab assistant's white lab coat. In this scenario, what was the white lab coat?
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
What is the core concept of Operant Conditioning?
Learning about a response and its consequences to determine the likelihood of the behavior being repeated
A flock of geese flies across the sky in a V-formation, all moving at the exact same speed and direction. A child on the ground perceives them as one single group rather than individual birds. Which Gestalt principle is demonstrated?
Principle of Common Fate
In a dichotic listening test, Jordan wears headphones playing two different voices. Jordan is told to focus only on the message in the right ear. Which change in the ignored left ear will Jordan most likely NOTICE?
Basic physical audio properties like tone, pitch, and speaker gender.
Maya spends her evening memorizing history facts and dates for an exam, while her roommate Leo spends the evening practicing an emotional monologue for a drama audition. Which type of sleep will help them consolidate their memory?
Maya’s factual study --> Slow-Wave Sleep
Leo’s emotional processing --> REM sleep.
A guard dog barks when an unfamiliar delivery truck enters the driveway, but stays completely calm when the owner's car arrives because it recognizes the distinct engine noise. Which learning concept is the dog demonstrating?
Discrimination
A dog repeatedly chews on its owner's shoes. To decrease the shoe-chewing behavior, the owner removes the dog's favorite toys whenever shoe chewing occurs. What operant conditioning component is being used?
Negative Punishment
Leo tries to read a handwritten recipe where the word "sugar" is partially smudged out by water. But they see that the surrounding ingredients are flour, butter, and eggs. Leo instantly recognizes the smudged word is "sugar." What processing style is Leo using?
Top-down processing
When participants are shown the word "RED" written in blue ink and asked to state the color of the ink, they take much longer to answer than if the word matched the ink color. What is this classic test called, and why doea it take longer?
STROOP TASK
Reading word text is automatic, requiring active brain inhibition to suppress the word's meaning and name the ink color.
5. A truck driver has been driving for 20 hours straight. For 3 seconds, their eyes remain open, but they completely lose awareness of the road before snapping back to reality. What phenomenon did they just experience?
Microsleep
A rat learns that a flashing yellow light predicts a mild shock. However, whenever a green light is turned on at the same time as the yellow light, no shock occurs. Over time, the rat learns that the green light signals safety. What is the green light serving as?
Conditioned Inhibitor
There are 2 people breakdancing outside to Charlie XCX. Suddenly, a thunderstorm warning interrupts the music. Person 1 decides to go inside immediately after hearing the warning. Person 1 stays outside until the thunderstorm hits and it begins to rain, then they run inside to get out of the rain. Which person show escape behavior, and which shows avoidance behavior?
Person 1 exhibited Escape
Person 2 exhibited Avoidance
Clara stares at a bright red poster for 60 seconds. When she looks away at a plain white wall, she sees a green square shape floating in her vision. Why does this green afterimage appear?
Red-sensitive cells became fatigued, allowing the opposing green signal to fire more strongly when the red stimulus was removed
10-year-old Ethan frequently loses his homework, struggles to organize multi-step school projects, gets easily distracted, and experiences working memory fatigue. However, he sits quietly in his chair and never displays physical restlessness. Which ADHD subtype does Ethan most likely have?
Inattentive Type
Arthur routinely thrashes around in bed, kicks, and throws punches while experiencing vivid narratives. What condition does Arthur have?
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder : Failure of muscle atonia → physically act out dreams
Name the UR and the CR in taste aversion.
UR: actual vomiting
CR: feeling nauseous
A factory worker hears a loud siren (which previously always preceded a fire alarm drill) and immediately feels a surge of anxiety. Later, the same worker is given a bonus for following the safety procedures. Which scenario is classical conditioning, and which is operant conditioning?
Classical: Siren --> Anxiety
Operant: Bonus for following the safety procedures
Carlos has red cone cells that incorrectly express green photopigments, making it impossible for his brain to differentiate red wavelengths from green wavelengths. What specific condition does Carlos have?
Protanopia : Red cones have green photopigment
A 10-year-old girl struggles with severe working memory deficits and distraction, but she never exhibits physical restlessness or motor agitation. What type of ADHD does she have, and historically, why might a doctor have failed to diagnose her with ADHD?
She has Inattentive Type ADHD. Historically, ADHD was diagnosed primarily in boys who presented with external hyperactivity, causing inattentive-type girls to be overlooked
After sleeping poorly on Thursday night, Sam feels tired on Friday afternoon and takes a 2.5-hour nap at 5:00 PM. That night, he lies awake until 3:00 AM, unable to sleep. Why did his late nap cause nighttime insomnia?
The late afternoon nap prematurely cleared out his accumulated adenosine pressure, destroying his nighttime sleep drive.
Every time Dalia opens the pantry to get treats for her dog, Saddie, the cabinet door makes a squeak. When Saddie gets a treat, she automatically begins to drool. After two weeks, Saddie starts drooling as soon as he hears the cabinet door squeak, even before Dalia takes out the treat bag. Name NS, US, UR, CS, CR.
NS: The squeak of the cabinet door
US: The savory treat
UR: Drooling in response to the treat
CS: The squeak of the cabinet door after conditioning
CR: Drooling in response to the cabinet squeak alone
A dog chews up a shoe in the morning while the owner is at work. The owner returns home in the afternoon, finds the damaged shoe, and scolds the dog. The dog fails to stop chewing shoes in the future and acts fearful whenever the owner opens the front door. Why did this punishment fail to effectively reduce shoe chewing?
Punishment was not delivered immediately and consistently, failing to be swift and risking teaching an unintended behavior