Sound Propagation
What is 4x?
The unit in which salinity is expressed.
What is parts per thousand?
The three most important dissolved gases in seawater.
What are carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen?
This color on the electromagnetic spectrum is the least preferentially absorbed by ocean water.
What is blue?
Water is often called this because so many substances readily dissolve in it.
What is the universal solvent?
These are the 3 factors which most influence the speed at which sound travels through ocean water.
What is temperature, salinity, and pressure?
These two elements account for roughly 85% of dissolved salts in the ocean.
What are chlorine and sodium?
A soluble gas that makes up about 80% of dissolved gases is seawater.
What is carbon dioxide?
The property of water that allows for a skin-like layer to form where water meets the outside atmosphere.
What is surface tension?
The property of water molecules sticking to each other?
What is cohesion?
An increase in salinity will have this effect on the propagation of sound.
What is an increase?
William Dittmar established this rule to measure salinity in the ocean.
What is the Rule of Constant Proportions?
The gradual decrease in the pH of the ocean as a result of carbon dioxide reacting with water to release free hydrogen ions.
What is ocean acidification?
As ocean temperatures decrease, density will do this.
What is increase?
Temperatures change more slowly in the ocean than the atmosphere as a result of this property.
What is density?
An increase of pressure will have this effect on the propagation of sound.
What is an increase?
River runoff, ice caps melting, and precipitation will all have this effect on salinity.
What is decrease it?
Clams, oysters, scallops, and corals are more at risk from ocean acidification because their shells are made of this.
What is calcium carbonate?
For every 10 meters of depth, pressure increases by this amount.
What is 1 atmosphere?
The basal body temperature of most marine animals is regulated by this.
What is the temperature of the surrounding ocean?
An increase in water temperature will have this effect on the propagation of sound?
What is a decrease?
A 2000ml sample of seawater with a salinity of 50ppt with have this mass of dissolved sulfates.
What is 7.7 grams?
This acid is formed as a result of the reaction between carbon dioxide and water.
What is carbonic acid?
This physical property of water is beneficial to photosynthetic organisms.
What is transparency?
Marine organisms will not often experience temperatures greater than this number.
What is 30 degrees Celsius?