Clodius vs Milo
Clodius was killed in this year, sparking chaos in Rome.
52 BCE
Pompey became sole consul after unrest caused by this man’s death.
Clodius
The Senate ordered Caesar to do this before returning to Rome from Gaul.
Caesar crossed the Rubicon in this year.
49 BCE
Caesar defeated Pompey decisively at this battle in 48 BC.
Clodius was killed on this road outside Rome.
Via Appia (or Appian Way)
Pompey introduced stricter laws about this political problem in Rome.
violence/bribery/electoral corruption
Caesar wanted to stand for consulship in absentia (while still in Gaul) to avoid this risk.
Prosecution for the illegal acts in his consulship.
This famous phrase is associated with Caesar crossing the Rubicon.
“The die is cast” (alea iacta est)
Pompey was killed on the orders of this Egyptian ruler.
Ptolemy XIII (or his vizier Pothinus)
What accident happened during Clodius' funeral?
The senate house was burnt down.
Pompey aligned more closely with this political faction during his consulship.
Optimates
The Senate passed this decree declaring a state of emergency over Caesar.
The SCU (Senatus Consultum Ultimum)
Pompey and the senate reacted to Caesar’s advance in Italy by doing this.
Fleeing/retreating from Rome to Greece
Caesar defeated Optimates forces in Africa at this battle.
Battle of Thapsus
This famous orator defended Milo at his trial for Clodius’ murder.
Cicero
One reason Pompey was made sole consul was that many candidates for office were unable to stand because they were facing these charges.
Bribery and electoral corruption
These officials attempted to block the Optimates’ actions against Caesar by using their constitutional power of veto.
The Tribunes Mark Antony and Quintus Cassius
Caesar showed this characteristic by his treatment of enemies in Italy.
Mercy/clemency
Caesar’s victory in Spain came at this final decisive battle.
Battle of Munda
Explain why the Clodius–Milo conflict showed the breakdown of law and order in Rome.
violence replacing politics / gangs controlling elections / inability of Senate to maintain order
Explain why Pompey’s sole consulship weakened the Republic.
What is (it set a precedent for personal power / bypassed traditional limits / relied on one man rather than institutions)?
Explain why the Optimates’ actions made civil war more likely.
What is (they removed compromise / threatened Caesar’s safety / forced him to choose between power and exile)?
Caesar used this event as justification for starting civil war, claiming he was defending the rights of the Roman people.
The flight (or expulsion) of the tribunes Mark Antony and Quintus Cassius from Rome, disguised as slaves.
Explain how Caesar’s victories across multiple regions secured his power.
Eliminated rivals, controlled key territories, ended organised resistance, demonstrated military superiority