Clinical Specialist Terminology
pathological gambling
What is: The term used in the ICD-11 for people with persistent and recurrent maladaptive gambling behaviour.
atmospherics
What is: Features of a retail or leisure environment that can be modified to create a certain image or mood, including the store exterior and aspects of the interior such as layout and design, point-of-purchase and decoration.
BDI
What is: Beck’s depression inventory
PAD Model
What is: Mehrabian & Russell’s Pleasure, Arousal and Dominance Model
•People attribute mental states to VR characters (think that they are out to get them)
•Some individuals thought of a persecutory nature about neutral avatars
•Vulnerability arises from anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity as a predictor for Persecutory Ideation
•Therefore, VR model indicates that the positive symptoms of psychosis arise from an interaction of psychotic and emotional processes.
What is: Freeman et al. (2003): using virtual reality to investigate persecutory ideation
•Scent leads to increased spending due to the effect ti has on perception of the shopping environment and product quality, which in turn increases arousal and pleasure.
•The study, therefore, supports cognitive factors as the cause of increased spending, as opposed to emotional factors.
What is: Chebat & Michon (2003): ambient odours on mall shoppers PAD
Reliability of Lovell et al. (2006)
It was a partially controlled study as the duration of the therapy was kept the same in both conditions and outcomes were measured using the same validated scales which increases reliability due to the standardised procedure.
Persecutory ideation
What is: The belief that people are trying to harm you in the absence of supporting evidence.
central gaze cascade effect
What is: the increase in more frequent visual attention (gaze) to the central part of a display just before making a decision.
K-SAS
What is: The Kleptomania Symptom Assessment Scale
YMC
What is: Yale model of communication
•16/42 (38%) of experimental group had first degree relative with major affective disorder
•But no overall association found between genes and presence of bipolar disorder
•But when Ps were analysed separately by gender (bcuz serotonin is understood to be sexually dimorphic), associations found for both polymorphisms in female participants.
What is: Oruč et al. (1997) – Genetics and Depression
What is: Lockyer (2006) – Food names and Menu Item Choice
Idiographic vs Nomothetic explanation for Sensky et al. (2000)
For the most part, research into treatments takes a nomothetic approach, with the aim to make generalisations about effective treatments based on large sets of data. The use of randomised control trials, such as that carried out by Sensky et al., allow psychologists to gather large amounts of data about how effective a treatment is, compared to a placebo. This takes a nomothetic approach because the aim is to find a treatment that is most likely to work for most people, based on the data available.
tardive dyskinesia
What is: A side effect of typical antipsychotics, characterised by uncontrollable blinking, jerking and twitching of the face and body.
disrupt-then-reframe (DRT) technique
What is: The seller confuses (disrupts) buyers before making a clearer request, increasing the probability of compliance.
GAD-7
What is: Generalised Anxiety Disorder assessment
UT, ST, PT and C, NC, PC
What is: utility theory, satisficing theory, prospect theory and compensatory, non-compensatory and partially compensatory strategies
·A 56-year-old woman had a 14-year history of daily shoplifting without any purposeful gain e.g stealing baby shoes despite not having anyone to give them to.
•At the 19-month check-up, she had decreased desire and avoidance of stealing, with 1 relapse, along with improvements in self-esteem and social life.
What is: Glover et al. (2011) – Covert sensitisation
Aim: to investigate whether the use of the ‘recognition’ or ‘take-the-best’ heuristic depends on individual decision-making styles.
What is: Del Campo et al. (2016) – Heuristics and Decision-making Styles
Application to Real-life of North et al. (2003)
North et al.’s (2003) study suggests that classical music will have a positive effect on customer spending in different environments. This gives valuable information to developers to ensure the best environment to increase customer spending.
catastrophising
What is: Relatively trivial events/thoughts trigger a flood of negative thoughts, resulting in overwhelming anxiety about worst-case scenarios.
post-purchase dissonance
What is: An emotional feeling of disappointment, perhaps even anger, when a person’s expectation and evaluation of a product changes after they have purchased it. It often leads to that person avoiding the business or brand associated with the purchase.
BIPI
What is: The blood injection phobia inventory (BIPI) – Mas et al. (2010)
Self-Monitoring Scale
What is: A 25-item psychometric scale (self-report) measuring five elements of self-monitoring (Snyder, 1974); true or false statements such as ‘My behaviour is usually an expression of my true inner feelings, attitudes and beliefs’ (true = low self-monitoring, false = high self-monitoring)
A case study of 42-year old white male (‘T’) diagnosed with BII phobia.
·9 sessions of CBT and Applied Muscle Tension
·In CBT, ‘T’ was educated on commonality of phobias and did a fear hierarchy, which he worked through.
·‘T’ introduced to the Subjective Unit of Discomfort Scale (SUDS) to rate his anxiety from 0-100 at different stages of the hierarchy exposure.
What is: Chapman and DeLapp (2013) – treating blood/injection/injury phobia using CBT with applied tension
Aim: to investigate how consumers decide how many of a certain product to buy using the ‘anchoring and adjustment’ model.
Two field experiments and Two laboratory experiments
What is: Wansink et al. (1998) – Models influencing Purchase Quantity Decisions
Internal Validity of Becker et al. (2011)
The participants did not know the true aim of the experiment.
Since participants were deceived by being told it was a ‘taste test’, it meant that their behaviour was a bit more natural.
It means there was a lower chance of demand characteristics and the risk of participants changing their behaviour, thus increasing the internal validity of the results.
musturbation
What is: The tendency to allow three ideas to control one’s thoughts, feelings and behaviour (‘People must approve of everything I do’, ‘Other people must treat me well’, ’I must get what I want and not what I do not want’).
banner blindness
What is: Refers to web users’ ignoring of web page content that they perceive (rightly or wrongly) to be advertisements. This may be because the information has been seen before, and/or judged to be irrelevant to the user.
MOCI
What is: Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI)
EKB Model
What is: Engel Kollat Blackwell model
·To research the use of Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) treatment for OCD with a 12-year-old boy (Jason) who had both OCD and ASD.
·After completing his therapy, Jason's score on the Y-BOCS dropped from 18 (severely high) pre-therapy to just 3 (well within the normal range)
·At a three month follow-up his score remained low, and both he and his parents reported a significant improvement in both his OCD symptoms and his school and social functioning
What is: Lehmkuhl et al. (2008): exposure and response prevention (ERP)
Aim: To investigate the influence of advertising on very young children, by measuring product logo recognition in children aged three to six years old.
What is: Fischer et al. (1991) - ‘Brand Logo Recognition in Children’
Cultural Differences of Ciceri et al. (2020)
A weakness of this study is that it does not consider cultural differences as the study comprised only Italian participants and they only viewed one mock newspaper that was designed by the research team for the purpose of the study and was therefore rather artificial. So findings may not generalise to consumers in non-European countries.