Can you beat the Praxis 2012?

Mnemonics & Steps!

100

!DAILY DOUBLE!: 1.Name that mnemonic: SMART and provide an intervention example for a male student with LD in reading. !DAILY DOUBLE!: 2.List those steps: 12 Policy Development Steps

#1)What is smart, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time oriented goals. #2). What is • Step 1: Define the issue • Step 2: Gather necessary information on the issue • Step 3: Secure recommendations from superintendent • Step 4: Discuss & debate at board level • Step 5: Draft policy • Step 6: Hold first reading • Step 9: Adopt the policy • Step 10: Distribute to the public • Step 11: Oversee policy implementation • Step 12: Policy evaluation & revision or modification

200

Name that mnemonic: DRO, DRA, DRI and explain how you shape each

What is: • Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors (DRO)- provide reinforcement for the ABSENCE of the problem behavior; reinforce ANY OTHER BEHAVIOR aside from problem behavior • Differential reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors (DRA)- provide reinforcement for the Replacement (alternative) Behavior and use extinction or ignore & redirect to alternative behavior • Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviors (DRI)- reinforce behavior that is topographically INCOMPATIBLE with problem behavior (opposite behavior) • Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Behavior (DRL)- does not acknowledge presence of any behaviors other than target behavior. Target behavior reinforced if it occurs at or below some predetermined rate (best for behaviors that can be tolerated in environment, are appropriate at low levels, can be changed slowly)

300

Name that mnemonic: ANOVA and explain its influence on IV and DV in Experimental Research.

What is analysis of variance, a statistical method for making simultaneous comparisons between two or more means; a statistical method that yields values that can be tested to determine whether a significant relation exists between variables. The (independent) variable is manipulated by the experimenter. The (independent) variable that is viewed as influencing, affecting, or determining the values of another (dependent) variable when they are regarded as being in a potential cause-and-effect relationship.

400

Name that mnemonic: PREPARE and explain how to use it

What is 1. Prevent & Prepare for Psychological Trauma, 2. Reaffirm physical health & perceptions of security/safety, 3. Evaluate psychological trauma risk, 4. Provide interventions AND, 5. Respond to psychological needs, 6. Examine effectiveness of crisis prevention & intervention

500

!DAILY DOUBLE!: 1. List steps of the Behavioral Consultation Model. 2. List steps of the Instructional Consultation Model.

#1.) What is Problem ID, Problem analysis, Plan Intervention/Implementation, Plan Evaluation, Follow up. #2.) What is 1.Entry & contacting, 2.Problem ID, 3.Intervention planning, 4.Intervention implementation, 5.Resolution/Termination

Prob with Prob Solving

100

The music teacher approaches you the school psychologist about having a an invocation piece added to graduation this year. You think to yourself, "Invocations and benedictions at graduation ceremonies are permitted". T/F

What is FALSE. The Supreme Court has ruled that school-sponsored graduation prayers at public schools violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

200

A student, Katie, walks into an empty classroom to get her book and gets into a fight with the school bully who enters the classroom right after her. There is no teacher present and the girls both get hurt in the fight. The principal tells you that, "Teachers can be held liable for any injury that occurs if they leave their classroom unattended".T/F

What is FALSE. Teachers can only be held liable if they are negligent (i.e., they fail to act with reasonable care) and the negligence causes the injury. Most injuries are the result of accidents, not negligence. Additionally, the federal Teacher Liability Protection Act also protects teachers from liability for injuring students while enforcing discipline even if the teacher is negligent.

300

A teacher and 6 adults took 35 preschool/elementary students to the beach on a field trip: 4 children posed on log for a photo, an ocean wave lifted the log, and a child was crushed. -Did the teacher breach her duty to supervise? Y/N

What is YES. Court’s conclusions: Probability of a wave coming ashore was common knowledge in the ocean area and the teacher had breached her duty to supervise.

400

A 9-year-old boy was killed during a lunch recess when he was accidentally struck by a metal bat swung by another student. -His skull was cracked, bleeding, and he fell unconscious immediately. You are called for this crisis. What do you do first?

What is PREPARE.  Prevent & Prepare for Psychological Trauma  Reaffirm physical health & perceptions of security/safety  Evaluate psychological trauma risk  Provide interventions AND  Respond to psychological needs  Examine effectiveness of crisis prevention & intervention •During the Crisis: o organize a supervised area for students o share information as it becomes available o hold faculty meeting to share information,
 develop plans, and
provide guidance as needed •After the Crisis:
 o provide opportunities for students/faculty to talk o do not underestimate the impact of the incident Crisis Counseling • Everyone needs time to process the experience within 24–36 hours after the event • It is beneficial for traumatized individuals to know what to expect and how to best confront it • Psychological First Aid -make contact with the victim and give him/her permission to express thoughts and emotions o explore problems in terms of the past, present, and future -identify possible solutions to assist the victim
 o take definite actions to assist the victim
 o provide follow-up assistance

500

Gang violence has become prominent in your school district. You are concerned for all students and staff within the school, especially students suspected of participating in gang membership. How do you use the multi-tier system to make the school positive and safe?

What is 1.Involve students as partners Create positive, inclusive school climate, 2.Adopt bully/violence prevention program, 3. Select developmental appropriate targeted interventions: (Teach anger management, problem solving, social skills conflict resolution), 4.Collaborate with parents (Create parent advisory group, Encourage parents how teach their children responses to bullying, teasing, harassment, and Provide information on effective parenting practices)

Is it Ethical?

100

Ann Evans is a school psychologist who lives in the school district where she works. She is concerned about the failure of the school board to address the problem of school bullying; in fact, she heard a radio interview in which a board member claimed that the district’s bullying problem had been eliminated. Ann knows this isn’t true, since an increasing number of students have reported bullying episodes during recess periods and on school buses. Her co-workers have advised her to keep quiet about the situation, since the board takes a negative view of employees who openly challenge school policies and practices. What should Ann do? Should she speak up at a PTA meeting? Organize parents to approach the district administration about the problem? Publicly reveal information about the increasing frequency of bullying episodes? Keep quiet and hope for the best?

What is considering NASP principles and considerations: 1.Responsibility as an employee to refrain from public criticism that may interfere with the schools’ ability to operate effectively (cite court decision re: “whistleblowers”???). 2.Greater likelihood of success in securing the administration’s cooperation for remedies to the problem by “going through channels,”, rather than creating defensiveness on their part with public criticism. 3.Ann's issue of “Dual role” as both school employee and school district resident – does this create a greater obligation/more promising opportunity for her to take action in ways that co-workers, who aren’t district residents, cannot? 4.Ann’s responsibility to make others aware of a situation in which students could possibly be endangered or harmed. 5.The school’s (and Ann’s) “duty to protect” students who may be harmed by the bullying that Ann knows to be occurring (and the liability they incur by ignoring a potential danger). 6.Ann’s obligation as a citizen to take action to correct a situation that she knows to be detrimental.

200

Name the ethical dilemmas most frequently reported by school psychologists (NASP, Daylor, 2007)

What is assessment 86%, intervention 79%, administrative pressure 76%, informed consent 51%, parent conflicts 48%, school records 38%, job competence 36%, confidentiality 33%, and conflictual relationships 20%. (percentages of school psychologists who said YES to that category of ethical misconduct reported).

300

The principal thinks its a great idea to try this new student assessment on the computer to save the school paper, and time of the school psychologists. What are the issues with this?

What is validity and reliability concerns, lack of confidentiality, impersonal assessment of the computer, lack of testing observation notes, and easy access to computer notes.

400

A 15 year-old male is experiencing confusion about his sexual orientation, and wants to see the school psychologist for counseling on the condition that his parents are not notified that he is being seen for counseling (From study of ethical dilemmas, Jacob-Timm, 1999).Should the school psychologist agree to provide the requested counseling service without notifying the student’s parents?

What is YES. Although it is unethical to provide counseling without informed consent for a minor, the school psychologist believes that, given the student’s age, he is capable of making a sound decision to request psychological services. The school psychologist also considers the rights of the parents to be informed and to give consent for their son to receive services, but knows that, given what is known about sexual minority youth, failure to respond to the student’s request may place the student at risk for harm (i.e., sexual minority youth are at greater risk for substance abuse problems, depression, self-injury, etc.). The school psychologist also knows that the student’s sexual orientation shouldn’t be disclosed to others without the student’s permission. ____________________________________________________ Ultimately, the school psychologist decides on the following course of action: Agree to see the student on a preliminary basis without parental consent in order to assess the student’s emotional status and needs, the family and home circumstances (i.e., what reaction might be expected from the parents?), and to explore with the student ways in which the school psychologist and student can include the parents in the decision about whether to continue counseling services. (The school psychologist would need to explain to the student the legal requirement to obtain parental consent for services.) If the student is adamantly opposed to including his parents in the process despite the school psychologist’s plan to provide support, especially if the school psychologist is convinced that the student’s fears about his parents’ reaction are well-founded, then the school psychologist should consider referring the student to supportive resources outside of the school setting.

500

!DAILY DOUBLE!: #1). NASP’s Principles for Professional Ethics?--Four broad ethical themes. #2). foundation for the ethical codes of psychologists and other professionals-- Five moral principles

!DAILY DOUBLE! #1)What is 1.Respecting the Dignity and Rights of All Persons, 2. Professional Competence and Responsibility, 3.Honesty and Integrity in Professional Relationships, 4.Responsibility to Schools, Families, Communities, the Profession, and Society. ________________________________________________________ !DAILY DOUBLE! #2). What is 1. Nonmaleficence – minimize harm, 2.Beneficience – maximize benefits, 3.Fidelity – faithfulness to the truth and one’s professional duties, 4.Justice – ensure fairness in the way individuals are treated., 5.Autonomy – respect for the individual’s right to have a voice and a choice about decisions affecting his or her own welfare

Assessing Assessments

100

This standardized assessment consists of 2 subtests: Verbal IQ – vocabulary, and Nonverbal IQ – matrices. It is a quick, nonverbal test used for assessment of intellectual and learning abilities. Is appropriate for nonreaders and hearing-impaired individuals

What is KBIT-II, Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test

200

CHC theory has served, either explicitly or implicitly, as the main test blueprint for most all contemporary, comprehensive, individually administered intelligence test batteries (Differential Abilities Scales—2nd Edition, DAS-II; Stanford—Binet Intelligence Scale—5th Edition, SB5; Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children 2nd Edition, KABC-II; Woodcock-Johnson Battery—3 rd Edition, WJ III). What is the CHC theory?

What is a theory of two different types of intelligence: fluid and crystallized. FLUID intelligence refers to nonverbal, culture-free mental efficiency. CRYSTALLIZED intelligence refers to acquired skills and knowledge strongly dependent on exposure to culture. _________________________________________________ EXTRA INFO: 1. Quantitative Reasoning: ability to comprehend quantitative concepts and relationships and to manipulate numerical symbols. 2. Reading & Writing Ability: basic reading and writing skills. 3. Short-Term Memory: ability to hold information in immediate awareness and then use it within a few seconds.4.Long-Term Storage and Retrieval: ability to store information and retrieve it later. 5. Visual Processing: ability to perceive, analyze, synthesize, and think with visual patterns. 6.Auditory Processing: ability to analyze, and discriminate auditory stimuli. 7.Processing Speed: automatic cognitive tasks measured under pressure to maintain focused attention. 8. Decision/Reaction Time/Speed: the immediacy an individual can react to a task

Old Male Psychologists

100

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational are all stages that explain how an individual perceives the surrounding world and reasons concepts from 0years to adulthood.

Who is Piaget's cognitive development stage theory.

200

This person's theory explains a person's judgement through three levels in which the first level of judgment/reasoning is based on personal needs, then based on other's approval and family expectations/traditions, and lastly based on socially agreed upon standards and rights and morals.

Who is Kohlberg’s stages of moral development: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional moral reasoning.

300

This theory emphasizes the emergence of the self, the search for identity, one's relationships with others, and the role of culture throughout life. A person develops through stages, where each stage has goals, concerns, accomplishments, and dangers.

What is Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development: Trust v. Mistrust (feeding), Autonomy v. Shame/Doubt (toileting), Initiative v. Guilt (independence), Industry v. Inferiority (school), Identity v. Role Confusion (peer relations), Intimacy v. Isolation (love relations), Generativity v. Stagnation (parenting), and Ego Integrity v. Despair (reflecting on own life).

400

Freud's stage at which the odepius and electra complex occur. The Oedipus Complex: Boys develop unconscious sexual feelings for mother, resulting in feelings of rivalry to his father. Fears father will punish/castrate him. For girls, known as Electra Complex.

What is phallic stage, 3-6years.

500

Maslow's deficiency needs are survival, safety, belonging, self-esteem. Maslow's being needs are intellectual achievement, aesthetic appreciation, self-actualization. Explain what happens when deficiency needs are fulfilled and when being needs are fulfilled. can decrease motivation, and explain why fulfilling being needs can

What is decrease motivation when deficiency needs are fulfilled. When these needs are met, the motivation for fulfilling them decreases. What is increase motivation when being needs are met. When these needs are met, a person seeks further fulfillment. Are never completely fulfilled, can always have a greater improvement. o Motivation is a set of responses that determines a person engaging in a particular behavior. Motivation can result from the basic need to minimize physical pain or to maximize pleasure.