Late 1800s technology
What is industrialization?
In what years were Canada's Industrial Age?
Industrialization means that machines do most of the production rather than manual labour (by hand).
Canada's Industrial age was from 1890-1905.
Which two cities were the largest industrial cities in the 1890s?
Toronto and Montreal
At what age is someone considered a young adult in the 1800s?
13 years old
Were women paid the same as men and children?
Men were paid the most (about $8/week).
Women were paid half of that (about $4/week).
Children were paid the least (about $3/week).
What does economic status mean?
Economic status is a person's income (how much money they make) or financial well-being.
What was the monthly working-class wage vs. the monthly cost of living for a family of 5?
Monthly working-class wage = $32
Monthly cost of living = $48
What is an unskilled worker?
A worker who has no training or special skills.
Companies could hire unskilled workers for less money.
What is a Trade Union?
Group of workers trying to improve working conditions for a type of job (ex. mills, breweries, manufacturers).
What were two benefits of industrialization in producing goods?
-produce more quickly
-lower cost
How many immigrants moved to Canada between 1891 and 1911?
Almost 2 million!
By 1900, what became mandatory for all children?
Children had to go to elementary school for at least a few months a year.
How did cycling change how women dressed?
-shorter skirts
-split skirts
What were wealthy children able to do?
Wealthy children could attend school. They did not need to work.
What were working-class neighbourhoods like?
-no plumbing
-factory smoke in the air
What was factory work like in the late 1800s? (3-4 details)
-long hours
-low pay
-dirty
-dangerous (accidents and fires were common)
What could unions do that an individual worker couldn't?
If an individual refused to work overtime with no pay, they could be fired.
If union members went on strike, production and profit would stop (which would affect the employer).
In the 1890s, new technology changed life in Canada. Name 4 big changes.
-electricity (lighting, streetcars)
-telephones
-larger farms replaced smaller farms and used new farm machinery
-Canadians and new immigrants moved to the cities to find work
Which 3 places did most immigrants come from in the early 1900s? Why?
1. Britain
2. United States
3. countries in Europe:
-overcrowded
-not enough jobs or farmland
-minorities seeking peace and security
Name 4-6 types of jobs children worked.
-worked in factories
-worked as servants in people's homes
-sold newspapers
-shined shoes
-ran errands
-worked on the farm (if they lived on a family farm)
What is woman suffrage?
The right for women to vote in elections.
How was it easier for wealthy people to benefit from new technology?
New technology was expensive, so only wealthy people could afford it.
Why did working-class children have to work by age 10?
-to support their families financially
Were there workplace safety laws?
Yes, but most employers ignored or broke these laws.
Who were the Knights of Labour? (2 details)
What did they want to do? (3-4 details)
What happened in 1902?
-open to all workers (including women and unskilled)
-one big union for all trades
-wanted to raise wages, improve work conditions, laws to protect workers, and an 8 hour work day
-in 1902, they were banned
Before the 1880s, what were the main sources of power?
What became an important source of power?
Before the 1880s:
-steam engines fuelled by gas, coal, and wood
Late 1880s:
-hydroelectric power (electricity generated by moving water)
Before the 1850s, immigrants came to Canada to work as farmers.
In the late 1850s, where did immigrants settle in Canada?
Most new immigrants moved to the cities to find manufacturing or service industry jobs.
Some immigrants wanted farm land in the Prairies.
Others wanted to save up money working in the city to either:
-buy farms later
-return home with savings
What laws and legislations were passed for children in the 1890s?
What about in the 1900s?
Who was John Joseph Kelso?
Laws:
-banned from entering bars
-not allowed to beg or perform on the street
Legislation:
-separate courts for child criminals (up to age 16)
By the 1900s, laws became stricter and child labour decreased.
John Joseph Kelso helped make laws and programs to protect children.
What jobs did some women work in the late 1800s? (Name 5-7)
-domestic servants (most common)
-stores
-offices
-secretaries
-clothing industries
-telephone operators (such as Bell)
-factories
What happened as a result of new farm machines?
Wealthy people with larger farms could afford the farm machines. They could farm more land quicker and easier, sell more produce, and make more money.
Smaller family farms did not have the money for the machines. They could not keep up with the larger farms and lost money.
Many farmers moved to the city to find new work.
By the end of the 1800s, child labour became discouraged.
However, only wealthy children could be in school for long periods of time. Why is that?
Working-class families still couldn't afford for their children to attend school for longer than a few months.
They still needed to work to support their families financially.
What was the Great Toronto Fire of 1904? (3 details)
-fire spread quickly at a factory in Toronto
-destroyed 100 buildings
-5000 people lost their jobs
As more and more strikes happened in the early 1900s, how did employers respond?
Employers wanted the government to stop unions and strikes.
However, when Canadian troops were sent to end strikes, the situations usually got worse.
What new transportation was needed as cities grew, and what did it replace?
Name 2 other forms of transportation at the time. Were they popular?
1. Electric streetcars replaced horse-drawn cars
2. Bicycles became popular due to being easier and safer (2 wheels of equal size)
3. Gas-powered automobiles (cars) were very expensive.
Example: The LeRoy cost $650. The average yearly income of production workers was only $375.
How did cities spread out and grow bigger in both population size and land size?
As people moved to the cities for work, the working-class neighbourhoods grew. Transportation (streetcars) connected the homes further away to the workplace.
This resulted in the cities growing larger.
How were city schools and rural (country) schools different? (2 reasons for each)
City Schools:
-big schools
-many classes of students
Rural Schools:
-one room schoolhouses
-all grades taught by one teacher
What were the WCTU and DWEA?
WCTU = Woman's Christian Temperance Union
DWEA = Dominion Women's Enfrancisement Association
These groups of women campaigned for women's right to vote. They had a mock parliament event.
How did wealthy people live in the Industrial Age? Name 3-4 details.
-large homes
-hosted elaborate parties
-many had more than one house
-had indoor plumbing
What is progressivism?
A movement to change the imbalance of poverty and wealth in society.
People started to want everyone to benefit from industrialization - not just the wealthy.
How were workers mistreated by their employers? (3-4 examples)
-low pay
-forced to work overtime for no pay
-beat up or fired for not working overtime.
-unsafe workplace leading to injuries or death
What was the London Streetcar Strike? (3 details)
What did Londoners do? (3 details)
Did the Strike work?
-Unionized streetcar workers went on strike (wanted higher pay and shorter hours)
-The employer refused
-He replaced the workers with "strikebreakers" (non-unionized workers)
Londoners protested and boycott the streetcars. The boycott didn't work, so people vandalized streetcars.
Canadian troops were sent to London.
The strikers never won.