Module 1 (Well)
This process ensures that an instrument like a thermometer or balance gives readings that match a known standard.
calibration
In SHM, total mechanical energy remains constant, but at maximum displacement all energy is stored in this form, while kinetic energy is zero.
potential energy (elastic or gravitational depending on system)
The ear becomes less sensitive to these as frequency increases, especially beyond about 10 kHz.
high-frequency sound waves
A gas is heated at constant volume; all supplied heat increases this quantity since no work is done.
internal energy
The area under a force–extension graph represents this type of stored energy in a material.
strain energy (elastic potential energy)
On a velocity–time graph, the slope represents this physical quantity, while the area under the graph represents displacement.
acceleration (slope) and displacement (area under graph)
A mass-spring system has its period doubled. According to T=2πroot(m/k), this change implies the mass has increased by this factor (assuming k constant).
factor of 4 increase in mass
A sound is 100 times more intense than the threshold of hearing. Using 10log10(I/I0), this is the intensity level in decibels.
20 dB
During an isothermal expansion of an ideal gas, this quantity remains constant.
temperature (and thus internal energy for ideal gas)
A steel wire stretches under load but returns to its original length when the force is removed; this type of deformation is being shown.
elastic deformation
As altitude increases above Earth’s surface, this quantity decreases because gravitational attraction becomes weaker.
What is gravitational field strength (or gravitational force)
In a stationary wave, these points have zero displacement at all times even though energy is still present in the system.
nodes
A student cannot see distant objects clearly because the image forms in front of the retina; this defect is called this.
myopia (short-sightedness)
Gas pressure arises because molecules do this when they collide with the walls of a container.
change momentum due to elastic collisions (molecular impacts)
Two materials have the same stress applied, but one strains more than the other; this property measures resistance to deformation.
Young’s modulus
A satellite in geostationary orbit remains above the same point on Earth because its angular velocity matches this.
Earth’s rotational angular velocity
When waves interfere destructively, this quantity is minimized even though individual waves still carry energy.
resultant amplitude (or intensity)
Two people hear the same sound, but one reports it as louder due to this subjective factor that depends on the human ear, not just physics.
loudness (or sensitivity of the ear)
Using kinetic theory, the average kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly proportional to this physical quantity.
absolute temperature (T in Kelvin)
Different thermometers do not always agree on the empirical scale because this varies between physical properties used.
non-linearity of thermometric properties
At the Earth’s surface, gravitational field strength is approximately 10 N kg⁻¹, but at a height equal to Earth’s radius above the surface, it reduces to one quarter due to this inverse relationship.
inverse square law dependence on distance (g ∝ 1/r²)?
In Young’s double-slit experiment, reducing slit separation increases fringe spacing because this variable is inversely proportional in y=λD/a
slit separation (a)
his effect explains why very loud sound levels can cause pain and potential damage to the ear.
excessive sound intensity (or high decibel levels causing discomfort threshold)
Cp is greater than Cv because at constant pressure, energy is also used for this process.
expansion work done by the gas
The absolute thermodynamic scale is preferred over empirical scales because it does NOT depend on this.
the physical property of any substance used in measurement (or any thermometric property)