Biomolecules
Other Info
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
100
What is the study of the molecular basis of life?

BIOMOLECULES

  • It studies the chemical process involved in living organisms

  • It is the application of the methods of chemistry to the fields of biology and physiology.

  • It is the language of biology basic to the understanding of the different phenomena 

  • Focuses on the activities that are happening inside our cells 

  • Studies components like proteins, lipids and organelles.

100

From which French word did carbohydrates originate from? 

"hydrate de carbone" - hydrates of carbon

100

What are the two classifications of monosaccharides?

Based on 

1. the position of carbonyl (C=O) group

2. the number of carbons in the backbone

100

TRUE or FALSE  Disaccharides can be directly utilized by the body.

FALSE. Disaccharides CANNOT be directly utilized by the body unless broken down into monosaccharides.

*Enzymes are needed to break them down in the SMALL INSTESTINES.

Ex. SUCRASE - hydrolyzes sucrose to glucose & fructose
      LACTASE - hydrolyzes lactose into glucose & galactose

100

TRUE or FALSE.  Polysaccharide are composed of 3 to 10 monosaccharide units?

FALSE. Oligosaccharides are composed of 3-10 monosaccharide units.

POLYSACCHARIDE - more than 10 monosaccharide; high molecular mass

200
What are the main elements of biomolecules?

CHON (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen)

200

What hydrocarbon derivative is present in the structure of carbohydrates?

Aldehyde or Ketone

200

What are the 3 types of monosaccharides?

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

* Aldehyde derivative = Aldose sugar
*Ketone derivative = Ketose sugar

200
What specific covalent bond joins 2 monosaccharide together?

GLYCOSIDIC BOND

*it forms an ETHER functional group

200

What are the two (2) types of polysaccharides?

1. HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES - same type of monosaccharide (Ex. Chitin-polymer of N-acetylglucosamine)

2. HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES - different type of monosaccharide (Ex. Hyaluronic acid)

300

Which two biomolecules are considered sources of energy?  Which is a short-term source of energy?  Which is a long-term source of energy?

Carbohydrates - short-term source of energy

Lipids - long-term source of energy

300

Where do we store excess carbohydrates in animals and plants? In what form?

Glycogen - Liver

Starch - Plant

*carbohydrates are called "saccharides" (sakcharon) meaning sugar

300

Give at least two (2) characteristics of monosaccharide.

1. presence of hydroxyl groups

2. polar, water soluble

3. high melting points

4. crystalline white solids (room temp)

300

What type of reaction happens when two monosaccharides are joined together such as glucose and fructose to form sucrose?

CONDENSATION REACTION (it also forms water as a product)
300

What is a linear polymer that is similar to amylose and are found in rigid walls in plants?

CELLULOSE

400

Differentiate micromolecules and macromolecules.

  • large molecules known as macromolecules

  •  small molecules known as macromolecules.

400
Carbohydrates have a lot of primary functions. One of which is for structural purposes.  What do you call the part of the arthropod exoskeleton and fungi do we find carbohydrates?

Arthropod exoskeleton - chitin

Fungi - cell walls

400
Which among the 3 types of monosaccharide is a stereoisomer of glucose?

Galactose (Aldose)  - difference lies in the position of hydroxyl group (-OH) at C4.


*Fructose (Ketose) - functional isomer

400

What disaccharide is used in germinating seeds and in making beer?

MALTOSE (glucose + glucose)

* Lactose (glucose + galactose)
* Sucrose (glucose + fructose)

400
What is the structural difference between starch and cellulose?

The position of the hydroxyl group in the structure.

STARCH - 1,4 alpha glycosidic linkages

CELLULOSE - 1,4 beta glycosidic linkages

500

What are the building blocks of the 4 biomolecules?

Carbohydrates - monosaccharide

Protein - amino acid

Lipid - glycerol and fatty acid

Nucleic Acid - nucleotide

500

What are the two forms of illustrating the structural formulas of carbohydrates?  Draw a sample for each on the board.

Fisher Projection (Chain Form)

Haworth Projection (Ring Form)

500

What kind of formation happens when monosaccharides are dissolved in water and undergo cyclization of glucose when the hydroxyl (-OH) group at C5 reacts with the carbonyl group?

HEMIACETAL FORMATION

500

What artificial sweetener is made from sugar but contains NO CALORIES, NOT METABOLIZED, and passes through and out of the body unchanged?

SUCRALOSE
*from cane sugar
*three hydroxyl groups are replaced with Chlorine atoms
*chemically inert

500

Where does the alpha 1,6 glycosidic linkage happen in glycogen?

Occurs for every 8-12 glucose unit