CARBOHYDRATES

BASIC CARBOHYDRATES

100

This is the only carbohydrate that can be directly used for energy or stored as glycogen.

glucose

500

These sugars can donate electrons and reduce copper in alkaline solutions.

reducing sugars

1000

This enzyme converts glucose → glucose-6-phosphate, the first step for glycolysis, HMP shunt, and glycogenesis.

hexokinase

HORMONES & REGULATION

100

This hormone is the only one that decreases blood glucose levels.

insulin

500

This hyperglycemic hormone is released during fasting and promotes glycogenolysis.

glucagon

1000

This hormone, produced by δ-cells of the pancreas, inhibits insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone.

somatostatin

METABOLIC PATHWAYS

100

This pathway breaks down glucose into lactic acid when oxygen is absent.

glycolysis

500

This metabolic process synthesizes glycogen from glucose.

glycogenesis

1000

This pathway produces NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate and protects RBCs from oxidative damage.

Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (Pentose Phosphate Pathway)

GLUCOSE TESTING

100

This tube (color) contains sodium fluoride and potassium oxalate to inhibit glycolysis.

gray-top tube

500

Normal CSF glucose is approximately what percentage of blood glucose

60–70%

1000

A fasting plasma glucose of ≥126 mg/dL on more than one occasion is diagnostic of this condition.

Diabetes Mellitus