CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
S3 sounds can be bad news for a patient OVER 30 YEARS OLD BECAUSE
It can be a sign of HEART FAILURE where the heart is not pumping effectively
If a heart murmur occurs during systole, this means that a patient has
NARROW or STENOTIC HEART VALVES
If the _ node is not functioning normally, the _ node will take over but at a slower BPM.
If the SA node is not functioning normally (60-100 bpm), the AV node will take over, but at a slower BPM (40-60 bpm).
When placing electrodes on a patient, what should you always do?
ALWAYS STICK ELECTRODES BETWEEN BONES, NEVER OVER BONES (bones can interfere with electrical transmission and give a poor signal)
What is the protein (cardiac marker) that is known as the GOLD STANDARD in DIAGNOSING MI?
TROPONIN
S4 sounds are referred to as
EXTRA SOUND at the END OF DIASTOLE
If a heart murmur occurs during diastole, it means that
REGURGITATION is occurring
What electrolyte controls the heart?
POTASSIUM
What lead placement is used and NEEDED for CONTINUOUS monitoring of the heart?
5-lead placement
What is the cardiac marker that is released when the heart begins to stretch and work harder to pump blood? (if this marker is high, this is a sign of HEART FAILURE.)
BNP
S4 sounds can mean
DECREASED VENTRICULAR COMPLIANCE
What is known as the PRIMARY PACEMAKER of the HEART, and what is it controlled by?
SA node is considered the primary pacemaker of the heart and is controlled by the ANS
Irregular heartbeats are known to be caused by this electrolyte imbalance
HYPO or HYPER KALEMIA (POTASSIUM)
The leads are color-coded and placed in this order:
White on the right
White over green (clouds over grass)
Black over red (smoke over fire)
Brown by the heart (chocolate in my heart)
A patient's TOTAL CHOLESTEROL should be
<200 mg/dL
S4 sounds are ALWAYS PATHOLOGICAL, meaning
An UNDERLYING DISEASE is the cause for damaged ventricles that cannot pump out blood normally
The ANS is known for determining
HOW FAST OR SLOW to send the ELECTRICAL SIGNALS TO THE REST OF THE HEART.
What is ALWAYS PRESENT before the QRS complex?
The P-WAVE
What is the GOLD STANDARD lead placement for patients with chest pain?
12-lead plcament
What do we use to visualize coronary arteries (blood vessels and blood flow)?
ANGIOGRAM
Turbulent blood flow or a WHOOSHING sound is referred to as a
HEART MURMUR
The AV node is known for
Relaying impulses to the ventricles to CONTRACT and it is influenced by the SA NODE
R to R intervals must always be
CONSTANT and EQUALLY SPACED APART
What are the enzymes that are released into the bloodstream from myocardial cells related to TISSUE DAMAGE (HEART ATTACK - MI)?
CK and CKMB
YOU CAN DEVELOP HTN FROM_.
Patients with _ have blood vessels that have been damaged over time, reducing flexibility and increasing PVR, which increases BP.
DIABETES