Patho
In coronary artery disease, this process causes narrowing of the arteries and reduced oxygen to the heart.
atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in arterial walls)
A patient with CAD reports chest pain radiating to the left arm and jaw. What classic symptom is this?
angina
This emergency medication improves blood flow to the heart during angina attacks.
nitroglycerin
What position helps ease breathing in patients with valve disease or heart failure
high-Fowler’s position
A patient with valve disease suddenly develops shortness of breath, crackles, and pink frothy sputum. What complication is this
pulmonary edema
In aortic stenosis, the valve fails to open fully, causing increased pressure and this change in the left ventricle.
left ventricular hypertrophy
This sound, a “click” or “whooshing,” may be heard when auscultating a patient with a valve disorder.
murmur
This medication class slows heart rate and decreases cardiac workload, used in CAD and valvular disease.
What are beta blockers
The nurse should teach a patient taking warfarin to avoid foods high in this vitamin
vitamin K
Patients with valve disease are at risk for this infection of the heart lining and valves.
infective endocarditis
Mitral regurgitation allows blood to flow backward from the left ventricle into this chamber
left atrium
A patient with mitral stenosis has dyspnea, orthopnea, and crackles. These indicate what complication?
What is left-sided heart failure
Patients with mechanical valve replacements require this lifelong medication and lab monitoring.
warfarin with INR monitoring (2.5–3.5)?
Before giving diuretics, what two assessments are most important
blood pressure and potassium level
A patient with valvular disease gains 3 pounds in one week. What should the nurse do?
notify the healthcare provider (possible fluid overload)?
Mitral stenosis most commonly results from this past infection that scars the valve
rheumatic fever
A bounding or “water hammer” pulse is often seen in this valvular condition.
aortic regurgitation
This surgical procedure replaces a diseased aortic valve through a catheter inserted in the femoral artery.
TAVR (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement)
Patients with valvular disease should receive this preventive treatment before dental procedures.
prophylactic antibiotics
After valve surgery, the nurse should monitor for this potentially fatal complication involving muffled heart sounds and JVD.
cardiac tamponade (Beck’s triad)
In aortic regurgitation, the left ventricle experiences this type of overload due to backflow during diastole.
volume overload (increased preload)
Patients with aortic stenosis often experience this “triad” of symptoms.
angina, syncope, and dyspnea on exertion
Name one medication that reduces afterload and improves cardiac output in mitral or aortic regurgitation.
ACE inhibitor (lisinopril)
or
vasodilator (hydralazine)
The nurse teaches a patient with mitral valve prolapse to avoid these substances that can trigger palpitations.
caffeine, alcohol, and stimulants
This abnormal heart rhythm is a common and serious complication of mitral valve disease
atrial fibrillation