Cardiac Action Potentials

Anatomy

100

Is composed of this many chambers

What are 4 chambers of the heart

200

Circulation that leads to oxygenation of the blood

What is the pulmonary circuit

300

Is required for septal and av valve formation

What is migration of neural crest into endocardial cushion. 

400

Enlargement can lead to dysphagia and hoarseness of voice

What is the left atrium? 

500

Pulmonary stenosis, Right ventricular hypertrophy, VSD, and Overidding Aorta

What is Tetralogy of Fallot

Ion Transport

100

Responsible for the efflux of 3 Sodium in exchange for 2 Potassium ions

What is the Sodium Potassium ATPase

200

Is required for the upstroke of the ventricular action potential

Influx of sodium 

300

Is responsible for the depolarization in ventricular action potentials

What is the opening of voltage gated potassium channels and efflux of K+. 

400

Is responsible for the plateau phase seen in the ventricular action potential. 

What is the influx of Ca2+ and Efflux of K+

500

Is responsible for contraction of smooth muscle in the heart

What is Calcium-Induced-Calcium release. 

Ventricular AP

100

Considered the the step when electronegatively of the membrane become more positive

What is depolarization

200

Is the depolarization phase of the ventricular action potential 

What is Phase 3. 

300

Phases that are unique to the ventricular action potential. 

What is Phase 1 and Phase 2? 

400

Responsible for cardiac cellular communication and syncytium.  

What are gap junctions?

500

Phase and ion responsible for the resting potential of myocardial action potentials. 

What is phase 4 and hight K+ permeability though K+ channels. 

Nodal Ap

100

Responsible for the upstroke of the nodal action potential. 

What is the influx of Calcium?

200

Phases absent in the nodal AP

What are Phase 1 and Phase 2? 

300

Responsible for the spontaneity of the Nodal Action Poteintal 

What are funny current mixed Na+/K+ channels?

400

Sets the normal rhythm of the heart

What is the SA nodal potential?

500

Reason fast voltage gated Na+ channels are permanently inactivated in Nodal Cells

What is the less negative resting potential? 

Miscellaneous

100

Second metabolite in the Glycolysis Pathway

What is Glucose-6 Phosphate?

200

Can act on the heart to increase heart rate

What is norepinephrine (epinephrine) or Beta 1 drugs ?

300

Normal sinus rhythm of the heart. 

What is 60-100 bpm? *set by the SA node

400

Leads to inactivity of cardiac cells by blocking Na+/K+ pump on cardiac myocytes at large doses. *Hint used in poison arrows

What is Oubain?

500

Damage results in abnormal protrusion of the scapulla. * Hint often seen after mastectomy

What is the damage to the Long Thoracic Nerve