Cardiac anatomy
Which chamber of the heart forms the apex?
Left ventricle
What is the inner lining of all blood vessels called?
Endothelium
What event creates the first heart sound (S1)?
Closure of the AV valves
Known as the heart’s pacemaker, it initiates the heartbeat.
SA node
This circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
Pulmonary circulation
What structure separates the right and left atria?
Interatrial septum
What is the innermost layer of a vessel wall?
Tunica intima
What event creates the second heart sound (S2)?
Closure of the semilunar valves
This ECG wave shows atrial depolarization.
P wave
This major circulation pathway carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the entire body and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
Systemic circulation
Which valve guards the opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk?
Pulmonic semilunar valve
What vessels contain valves to prevent backflow?
Veins
During which phase are the ventricles filling with blood?
Diastole
“Ventricles are squeezing” describes this ECG component.
QRS complex
This special system delivers blood from digestive organs directly to the liver for processing.
Hepatic portal circulation
Which valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle?
Tricuspid valve
What vessels return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
Pulmonary veins
Which ventricle generates higher pressure?
The left ventricle
This ECG segment, if elevated or depressed, may indicate ischemia or MI.
ST segment
This vessel returns deoxygenated blood from the upper body into the right atrium.
Superior vena cava
What structure separates the right and left ventricles?
Interventricular septum
This major artery leaves the left ventricle and distributes oxygenated blood to the body.
Aorta
This phase of the cardiac cycle occurs when the ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart.
Systole
This is the signal travel time from atria to ventricles, represented on ECG.
PR interval
This fetal shunt bypasses the lungs by connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta.
Ductus arteriosus?