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What is it called when the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth?
What is patent ductus areriosus?
What is the ductus arteriosus?
What is a vascular connection between the aorta and the main pulmonary artery?
What is the function of the ductus arteriosus?
What is to bypass the lungs by diverting blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta?
What plays a significant role in the rate of ductal closure?
What is gestational age?
Left-to-right shunting through the PDA results in?
What is pulmonary overcirculation?
What imaging is obtained to determine the significance of a PDA?
What is an ECHO?
What are the two management approaches for the treatment of a PDA?
What is expectant management and early pharmacological management?
Is prophylactic medication therapy for all preterm infants for PDA recommended?
What is no?
What is associated with an increased incidence of PDA?
What is excessive fluid administration?
Why is furosemide typically avoided in the first one to two weeks of life?
What is it stimulates renal synthesis of prostaglandins, which maintains the ductal patency?
What medications can be used to help close the ductus arteriosus?
What are ibuprofen, indomethacin, and acetaminophen?
How is ibuprofen administered for the closure of a PDA?
What is intravenously or orally?
What is the dose of acetaminophen for PDA closure?
What is 15 mg/kg PO or IV every 6 hours?
What is three to seven days?
Which medication for PDA closure has been proven to be superior?
What is they all appear to have similar efficacy?
What is the patent foramen ovale?
What is an opening between the right and left atria?
Is the patent foramen ovale considered an ASD?
What is no?
Who does secundum defects occur more often in?
What are females?
Spontaneous closure of an ASD is more likely to occur in?
What is small secundum ASDs?
Why is the patent foramen ovale not considered an ASD?
What is there is no septal tissue missing?
Infants with moderate to large VSDs usually present with what signs?
What is signs of heart failure?
What effects do VSDs have on pulmonary circulation?
What is increased blood flow resulting in pulmonary congestion and edema?
When is medical therapy warranted for VSDs?
What is for patients with symptomatic heart failure?
What can increased pulmonary blood flow lead to over time?
What are pulmonary vascular changes and pulmonary hypertension?
What medication is the cornerstone of therapy for VSDs?
What are diuretics such as furosemide?