Cardiac Exam

Risk Factors

100

Caused by environmental factors: maternal folic acid deficiency and intake of alcohol during pregnancy 

Cleft lip/Cleft palate

200

Failure to pass first stool, indicates possible intestinal atresia

constipation 

300

children of parents who had pyloric stenosis is more likely to have this condition

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

400

Too much acid in the duodenum (first part of the small intestine) and certain congenital diseases, such as diabetes

Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (HPS)

500

Gastric contents are regurgitated into the esophagus or oropharynx and produces symptoms 

GER

Etiology

100

caused by a failure of the medial nasal and maxillary processes to join

cleft lip

200

caused by failure of palatal shelves to fuse

cleft palate

300

the result of many possible disease processes that cause abnormal fluid losses through the skin, respiratory, renal, and (most commonly) GI systems

Dehydration

400

Infants that have a high protein or fat diet. Usually seen in formula fed babies

Constipation

500

incompetent lower esophageal (or cardiac) sphincter

GER

Treatment

100

Pyloromyotomy, is when the pylorus muscle is surgically split down, but not including the submucosa, which allows for the enlarging of the lumen

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS)

200

This surgery involves wrapping the fundus of the stomach around the distal esophagus to prevent reflux of the stomach contents into the esophagus

Nissen Fundoplication(Treatment for severe GER)

300

H2- histamine receptor antagonists such as cimetidine(tagamet), ranitidine(Zantac), or famotidine (pepcid)

GER

400

Restore the fluid and electrolyte balance and to treat the underlying cause

diarrhea/gastroenteritis

500

Implement small and frequent feedings that have been thickened with infant cereal

GER

Signs and Symptoms

100

Skin- cold, dry, gray, loss of turgor, Mucous Membrane- dry, eyes- sunken, fontanelle-sunken, behavior- lethargic, pulse- rapid, weak, bp- low, RR- rapid

Dehydration

200

a small open notch, or opening extending all the way to the nose

cleft lip/cleft palate

300

malodorous stool, weight loss, sunken fontanelles, irritability progressing to lethargy

Diarrhea

400

Vomiting, spitting up in the first week of life

GER

500

projectile vomiting, hungry, avid nurser, weight loss, no signs of pain or discomfort, signs of dehydration, distended upper abdomen

Hypertrpohic Plyoric Stenosis

Nursing Interventions

100

provide adequate nutrition for infant and helping parents deal with the prognosis

Cleft lip/Cleft palate

200

Primary goal is to prevent aspiration. The best method for feeding is to support the infant's head in an upright position.

Cleft lip and palate

300

Measurement of Intake and Output 

Dehydration

400

focus assessment includes: careful recording of I+Os , rehydrations, correction of electrolyte imbalance, age-appropriate nutrition.

Diarrhea 

500

assessment of bowel patterns including stool characteristics, diet, and concomitant medications

Constipation