What Equation?
What Equation?
What Window?
Factors of CO
Cardiac Maneuvers
100
Volume of blood ejected from the ventricle per beat? Normal Value?
Write it out on the board!
Stroke Volume
SV=EDV-ESV
SV= (0.785)(valve diameter)2(VTI)
Normal=70-100mL
100
Volume of blood pumped from the ventricle each minute? Normal Value?
Write it out on the board!
Cardiac Output
CO = SV x HR ÷ 1000
Normal 4-8L/min
100
Ejection Fraction and Fractional Shortening?
Long Axis
100
What is preload and what affects it?
The amount of stretch (ventricular) at end diastole.
-Regurgitation
-PDA (patent Ductus Arteriosus)
-ASD (Atrial Septal Defect)
-VSD (Ventricular Septal Defect)
100
Explain the Valsalva maneuver and what happens to venous return, cardiac output, stroke volume during the Valsalva and after?
During: Venous return, stoke volume and cardiac output decreases
After: Venous return, stroke volume and cardiac output increases
200
A measurement of how much blood the LV pumps out of the heart with each contraction? Normal Value? Write it out on the board!
Ejection Fraction
EF=(LVEDV-LVESV)/LVEDV*100
Normal=>55%
200
Volume of blood pumped by the heart with each beat divided by the body surface area? Normal value?
Volume of blood pumped from the ventricle each minute divided by the body surface area? Normal value?
Write it out on the board!
Stroke Volume Index
SVI = SV ÷ BSA
Normal= 25-45 ml/m2
Cardiac Index
CI=CO ÷ BSA
Normal 2.5-4.5L/min
200
RVSP?
4 Chamber and Subcostal
200
The bigger the preload, the greater the force of contraction needed to eject the blood?
Frank-Starling Law
200
During expiration, explain what is happening to venous return, stroke volume and cardiac output? What about inspiration?
Expiration- Decreases venous return, stroke volume and cardiac output
Inspiration- Increases venous return, stroke volume and cardiac output
300
Calculates desired valve area (usually aortic)?
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Continuity Equation
valve area= (valve diameter)2(0.785)(VTI outflow tract)/VTI valve
300
Looks at the diameter of the left ventricle between end-diastole and end-systole? (linear measurement)? Normal Value?
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Fractional Shortening
FS = LVEDd – LVESd/LVEDd x 100
Normal= 25-45%
300
Stroke Volume?
Long Axis and
5 Chamber= (0.785)(valve diameter)2(VTI)
300
The velocity of the muscle fiber shortening is slower when the force that is needed to eject blood during contraction is greater?
Force-velocity relationship
300
Explain what squatting does to venous return, stroke volume and cardiac output?
It increases venous return, stroke volume and cardiac output.
400
This gives you the systolic pressure difference between the right atrium and the right ventricle?
Write it out on the board!
Right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP)
RVSP= 4(v)2+RAP
v=TR
RAP=evaluation of the IVC (diameter and collapse)
400
An estimate of the Pulmonary wedge pressure? Normal Value?
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Pulmonary Artery End-Diastolic Pressure
PAEDP= 4(v)2+RAP
v=PR end diastolic velocity
Normal=4-12mmHg
400
Continuity Equation?
Long axis (LVOT diameter) and
5 Chamber (VTI outflow and VTI valve)
400
More time between heartbeats leads to a longer filling time with increased volume and a stronger contraction?
Interval-Strength relationship
400
Explain what standing does to venous return, stroke volume and cardiac output?
It decreases venous return, stroke volume and cardiac output.
500
This equation is a dimensionless index that combines systolic and diastolic time intervals expressing ventricular function? Normal Value?
Write it out on the board!
Myocardial Performance Index (TEI)
TEI Index=(IVCT+IVRT)/ET
Normal=<0.4
500
***DAILY DOUBLE***
Estimate of the Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure?Normal Value?
Write it out on the board!
Mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP)
MPAP= 4 * (PR peak Velocity)2
or
MPAP= 80-(0.5 * AT)(acceleration time)
Normal= 9-18mmHg
https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S2352906716300379-gr3.jpg
500
Pulmonary Artery end diastolic pressure (PAEDP)?
Short axis and Subcostal
1. RAP = 3mmHg
a. IVC collapse >50%
b. IVC measures 1.2-2.3cm
2. RAP = 8mmHg
a. One abnormal value and one normal value
3. RAP = 15mmHg
a. IVC collapse <50%
b. IVC measures >2.3cm
500
***DAILY DOUBLE***
What is afterload and what affects it?
What does increased afterload result in?
The resistance the heart must work against to push the blood into the systemic system.
-Aortic stenosis
-Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis
-Pulmonic stenosis
-Systemic Hypertension
-Pulmonary Hypertension
*Hypertrophy
500
Explain what Amyl Nitrite is and what it does to heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output?
A medication in a capsule (broken apart) that you inhale
It increases heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output.
Does the same things as the release of Valsalva