Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology
This heart sound represents closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves.
S2
therosclerosis begins with injury or __________ of the arterial wall.
Inflammation
Troponin I rises within ___ hours and stays elevated up to ___ days.
2–3 hours; 10 days
The SA node normally fires at this rate.
60–100 bpm
Atrial fibrillation increases stroke risk by up to ___ times.
5 times
This chamber pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta.
Left ventricle
Name one chemical cause of vessel injury listed in the lecture.
High LDL, low HDL, toxins, smoking, renal failure, hypertension
This biomarker is the earliest indicator of muscle injury.
Myoglobin
The correct conduction pathway sequence: SA → AV → ______ → Purkinje fibers.
Bundle of His
This emergency intervention is required for ventricular fibrillation.
Defibrillation
Coronary arteries primarily perfuse the myocardium during this phase of the cardiac cycle.
Diastole
This type of plaque is prone to rupture and causes severe damage.
Unstable plaque
A prolonged QT interval may indicate low levels of these two electrolytes.
Calcium and magnesium
A peaked T wave is associated with this electrolyte imbalance.
Hyperkalemia
A client with symptomatic bradycardia should receive this medication.
Atropine
This law states that increased ventricular stretch leads to increased contraction — up to a limit.
Starling’s Law
List two modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis.
Smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, diet, hypertension, diabetes
Before giving contrast for CT angiography or cardiac catheterization, this lab must be checked.
Kidney function (creatinine/BUN)
This ECG wave represents ventricular depolarization.
QRS complex
This device prevents clot formation in the left atrial appendage.
Watchman device
Calculate cardiac output: HR 120 bpm, SV 50 mL.
6000 mL/min (6 L/min)
This diet is recommended to reduce atherosclerosis progression.
DASH diet
This test uses ultrasound waves to assess cardiac structure and valve function.
Echocardiogram
Name the property of myocardial cells that allows them to spontaneously generate electrical impulses.
Automaticity
A client with pulseless ventricular tachycardia should receive this intervention first.
CPR + defibrillation