A & P
Right and Left Atria, Right and Left Ventricle
What are the 4 chambers of the Heart?
S1 represents the closure of AV valves or the beginning of this part of the cardiac cycle
What is systole?
The beginning of the cardiac blood flow starts with unoxygenated blood from the _______ to right atrium
What is the liver?
Specialized cells in this node initiate the cardiac impulse
What is the sinoatrial node (SA)?
___________________________________________
Known as the pacemaker of the heart
In the resting adult, one can expect between __and __ liters of blood per minute to flow throughout the body
What is 4-6 liters?
Name the 3 layers of heart wall
What is the pericardium, the myocardium, and the endocardium
__________________________________________
*pericardium is the sac that surrounds and protects *myocardium is the muscular wall of the heart and the *endocardium are the thin layers that line the inside of the 4 chambers and valves
S2 represents the closure of semilunar valves and signals the end of this part of the cardiac cycle
What is systole?
___________________________________________Heard loudest at the base of the heart
From right ______ through the pulmonic valve to the ________ artery where the lungs provide oxygen to the blood
What is valve and pulmonary?
Represents the depolarization of the atria on the EKG
What is the P wave?
__________________________________________
Heart can alter its cardiac output to adapt to these needs of the body
What are metabolic needs?
____________________________________________
Exercise, stress, fever, pain
The reservoir for holding blood is called the ________and the chamber that is responsible for pumping blood out of the heart is called the______
What are the atrium and the ventricles?
S3 occurs immediately after S2, when the AV valves open and this type of blood first pours into the ventricles
What is atrial blood?
From the left ____, oxygenated blood travels through the mitral valve to the _____ ventricle
What is atrium and left?
Measured by the distance between the P wave and the QRS complex
What is the PR interval?
___________________________________________
This reflects conduction through the AV node
Represents venous return that builds during diastole
What is Preload?
___________________________________________
Often reflects the patient's volume status, is there enough gas in the tank? Affected by dehydration or hypovolemia
Their purpose is to prevent backflow of blood, operate in only one direction, open and close in response to pressure gradients in moving blood
What are the valves?
________________________________________
2 atrioventricular valves, 2 semilunar valves
S4 occurs and the end of _________ when ventricle is resistant to filling
What is diastole
S4 happens just prior to S1
Is responsible for delivering oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
What is the Aorta?
Represents the depolarization of the ventricles
What is the QRS complex?
__________________________________________
QRS is considerable larger than the P wave as the ventricles contain more muscle mass than the atria
Pressure the ventricle must generate to open the aortic valve
What is Afterload?
__________________________________________
Often referred to as the quality of the muscle to accomplish the task of sending blood out to the body where it is needed.
Open during heart's filling phase or diastole, to allow ventricles to fill with blood
Close during pumping phase or systole, to prevent regurgitation of blood back up into atria
What are the AV valves?
___________________________________________
Tricuspid right side AV valve
Mitral (bicuspid) left side AV valve
Velocity of blood increasing, viscosity of blood decreases or structural defect in a valve will cause this sound
What is a murmur?
__________________________________________
gentle, blowing, swooshing sounds that can. be heard on auscultation described by frequency, pitch, intensity, duration and timing.
In _________ the ventricles relax and fill with blood and in _________the heart contracts and sends blood to the rest of the body
What is diastole and systole?
*diastole is 2/3 of cardiac cycle
*systole is 1/3 of cardiac cycle
Represents the repolarization of the ventricles
What is the T wave?
__________________________________________
Peaked T waves indicate other things in the cardiac patient including hyperkalemia