Cardiac Review

measurements

100

What is the correct range for a normal IVC to measure at?

1.8-2.1 cm

200

If a patient is said to have severe concentric LVH, what is the measurement of the walls going to be greater than?

1.6 cm or greater

300

A normal fractional area change is greater than what percentage?

greater than 35%

400

what is the range for a moderately dilated left atrium volume?

42-48 mL/m^2

500

The vena contracta for severe aortic regurgitation should be greater than or equal to what value?

>= 6 mm

physics

100

what is the purpose of the TGC's?

allows selective amplification of reflections displayed on the image

200

what is the doppler shift?

mathmatical difference between the transmitted frequency and received frequency

300

the deeper the structure being evaluated, what happens to the PRF (pulse repetition frequency) and frame rate?

deeper the structure ---> LOWER PRF and FRAME RATE

400

what is the nyquist limit

indicates highest velocity that can be displayed without aliasing

500

what is lateral resolution

type of spatial resolution

ability to resolve two separate structures that lie perpendicular to the beam

valves

100

A patient has MVP with moderate MR.  How do you classify the MR?

primary

200

If a patient has severe Mitral stenosis, what is the mean pressure gradient?

greater than 10 mmHg

300

A patient came in for their one month TAVR follow up appointment.  What do you call it when you see the valve rocking?

dehiscence

400

A patient had surgery where they put their pulmonic valve into the aortic valve spot and then replaced the pulmonic valve with a different tissue valve.  This procedure is called the:

ross procedure

500

severe pulmonary hypertension is calculted and defined as

severe>= 70 mmHg

PHTN= 4v^2 +RAP

CMO's

100

The most common cardiomyopathy is:

dilated CMO

200

2 ways to treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are:

alcohol septal ablation

surgical septal myectomy

300

ASH is classified as the ratio of

1.3/1

400

when using M mode on a patient with HCMO, what do you usually see with the MV?

SAM

500

The biggest difference between restrictive CMO and constrictive pericarditis is

restrictive CMO large E small A with no respiratory variation

CP large E small A with respiratory variation

congenital

100

how can you detect a PFO or another ASD?

bubble study

200

a PDA is a congenital hole between what?

the Aorta and PA

300

what forms the MV and TV during fetal development?

the endocardial cushions

400

what are the 4 defects you see with tetralogy of fallot?

1) pulmonic stenosis (most common= subvalvular)
2) RVH
3) overriding, large aorta
4) malalignment of VSD
(PROM)

500

what is an aortic coarctation most commonly associated with?

a bicuspid AOV