Anatomy
Blood flows from the right atrium through this atrioventricular valve to the right ventricle.
What is the tricuspid valve.
Describe how cardiac output is determined.
HR x Stroke volume
Which is the most dangerous arrythmia? A) ventricular Tachycardia B) Ventricular fibrillation C) Atrial Fibrillation D)Atrial Tachycardia C) Asystole
V-Fib = D-Fib
What causes the pulmonic valve to open?
An increase in the pressure within the right ventricle
A client has heart failure and is experiencing dyspnea, crackles, fatigue and cyanosis. What side of the heart has failed?
Left-Sided heart failure causes respiratory symptoms because blood backs up into the pulmonary circulation.
Right-sided heart failure causes ascites, dependent edema as blood backs up into systemic circulation.
The aorta receives blood from which chamber of the heart?
What is the left ventricle.
Define the endocardium.
The membrane that forms the innermost layer of the heart wall.
What is the function of the SA node?
In a normally functioning heart it originates the electrical impulse that begins each cardiac cycle. (Pacemaker)
Bonus: What is the function of the purkinje fibers?
Which vessel carries blood away from the heart and toward the lungs?
What is the pulmonary artery
Sympathetic Nervous system stimulation to the heart has what effect on the heart rate
Increases heart rate
These are vessels that carry blood form the pulmonary capillaries to the left atrium.
What are the pulmonary veins
What is the average ejection fraction?
67%
What ejection fraction indicates HF?
Describe measures that can be used to treat a-fib.
prophylactic anticoagulant meds, cardioversion. If these are unsuccessful then Maze procedure/surgical ablation
A hole in the interventricular septum causes blood to shunt between which chambers?
Blood will shunt from left ventricle to right ventricle
Compare/Contrast the effects of Digoxin; Metoprolol; coumadin and eliquis.
Digoxin: - chronotropic and +inotropic
Metoprolol: -chronotropic
Coumadin: anticoagulant needed regular monitoring of PT/INR.
Eliquis: anticoagulant requiring no regular monitoring of PT/INR
This sling-like structure supports the heart. Inflammation in this structure can cause cardiac tamponade.
What is the pericardium.
Define 'stroke volume' and explain the effect of digoxin on stroke volume.
Stroke volume= the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle with each beat. Digoxin exerts a +inotropic effect (increased force of contraction) and increased stroke volume. It also exerts a - chronotropic and - dromotropic effect which is why you check apical pulse before giving.
A drug, like atropine, that blocks the parasympathic (aka vagal) receptors on the heart has what effect on the heart rate?
Increases heart rate (+ chronotropic effect). It is therefore the drug of choice in treating symptomatic bradycardias.
Name the only vein to carry oxygenated blood.
What is pulmonary vein.
What is the cause of the heart sounds "lubb-dupp"
closing of the heart valves
This is the cardiac chamber with the thickest myocardium.
What is the left ventricle.
What are the ventricles doing during atrial contraction?
Relaxing.
This coordinated contraction and relaxation allows for blood to fill the chambers and is essential to maintaining cardiac output.
Explain the difference between Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Flutter
A-Fib- atria is quivering. Huge risk of blood clots.
A-Flutter- atria are irregular and it is characterized by a sawtooth pattern on EKG
Increased afterload has what effect on the workload of the heart?
Increases the work load of the heart
Explain the difference between myocarditis and endocarditis, and rheumatic carditis.
Endocarditis: Inflammation of endocardium caused by strep & staph bacteria; s/s joint pain, splinter hemorrhage, Janeway lesions/Osler nodes. Myocarditis: Inflammation of muscle layer of heart caused by microorganism; s/s chest pain similar to MI, fatigue, dyspnea, lung crackles
Rheumatic Carditis: inflammation following strep throat; s/s: heart murmur, friction rub & it can cause structural damage to heart valves.