Operational Terms
Tubes that flow blood away from the heart
Arteries
Contractile unit of a cardiomyocyte
Sarcomere
Which nerve innervates the heart through the parasympathetic nervous system?
Vagus (X) nerve
Baroreceptors are an ______ reflex
extrinsic
Blood flow Q is determined by the ___ of the blood vessels
radius
Tubes that direct blood back to the heart
EDV - ESV = ?
SV
Adrenergic innervation in the heart releases ___ to act on ___ receptors to ______ chronotropy, dromotropy, and inotropy
NE, Beta 1 and 2, increase
Baroreceptors are found mainly where?
Atria, aorta, and carotid arteries
This neurotransmitter mediates alpha constriction which causes contraction in the heart
NE
CO x SVR
Mean Arterial Pressure
Which valve closes to start isovolumetric contraction before ejection
Mitral valve
The vagus nerve releases ___ in the heart to bind to ___ receptors to ______ chronotropy, dromotropy, and inotropy
Ach, M (muscarinic), decrease
What enzyme is produced in the kidneys and is released when MAP decreases
Renin
These are little receptors that detect friction and movement of red blood cells to release NO to dilate vessels
Endothelial shear stress
This type of circulation pumps deoxygenated blood throughout the body for nutrient and gas exchange
Systemic
In an ECG, where does the first heart sound occur? Which valves are closing?
After the QRS wave (or at S), mitral and tricuspid valves
In blood vessels, what receptors are acted on by NE and cause vasoconstriction?
Alpha 1 and 2
An increase in arterial pressure increases baroreceptor activity to increase ___ activity to decrease CO and SVR
Vagal
What is the path of blood through circulation? (Starting with the vena cava)
Vena cava -> Right atria -> Right ventricle -> Pulmonary arteries -> lungs -> Pulmonary veins -> Left atria -> Left ventricle -> Aorta -> Systemic arteries -> Capillaries -> Systemic veins
The ___ node is the pacemaker of the heart and conducts AP signals to the __ node
SA (sinoatrial) and AV (atrioventricular)
In arteries, what acts on beta 2 receptors to cause vasodilation?
EPI
Sympathetic