IL 5/6
ACC2 produces malonyl-CoA that goes onto inhibit this enzyme
What is CPT-1?
Slide 7; SLO1 IL5
Remember: ACC1 is in the cytosol of liver and adipose tissue, ACC2 is in the cardiac and skeletal tissue; phosphorylated is deactivated (PKA & AMPK), Dephosphorylated is activated (PP2A); ACC is the rate-limiting enzyme for fatty acid synthesis; Citrate activates ACC
The S1 heart sound is made by the closing of these valves
What are the AV valves (Mitral and tricuspid)?
Slide 8; SLO4
When in diastole do S3 and S4 occur??
Where does the sound come from??
An increase in the stretch of the atrial wall leads to the release of this, ultimately opposing the actions of the RAAS system
What is ANP/BNP?
Slides 23 and 24; SLO7 TBL4
This vasculitis looks very similar to Takayasu's arteritis, but is defined by the patient being at least 50 years old
What is Giant Cell Arteritis?
Slide 11 and 15
Remember: Infiltrate of T cells and macrophages with multinucleated giant cells, granulomatous inflammation, not granulomas
A small arteriole undergoes vasodilation, increasing its radius from 1 mm to 3 mm. By what factor does the flow (Q) change, assuming all other variables remain constant?
81 times
When constructing a 10-carbon fatty acid, this is how many cycles of FAS will occur
What is 4?
Slide 27, SLO3 IL5
Remember: 1 acetyl-CoA serves as the primer, Fatty Acid Synthase is a homodimeric complex with 7 catalytic activities per monomer. The Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP)domain uses a phosphopantetheine "swinging arm" (from Vitamin B5) to shuttle the growing chain between active sites.
Where does the NADPH used during this reaction come from??
This is the duration of the cardiac cycle for a patient whose heart rate is at 100 BPM
What is 0.6 seconds?
Slide 4; SLO1
Remember: Diastole duration will shorten by a larger degree than systole as HR keeps increasing
The carotid sinus baroreceptor transmits signals to the nucleus tractus solitarius via this nerve
What is the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN9)?
Slide 6; SLO3 IL9
Remember: The NTS inhibits the RVLM and activates the nucleus ambiguus
What about the aortic arch??
This viral infection is implicated in about one‑third of polyarteritis nodosa cases, where circulating immune complexes deposit in medium‑sized arteries.
What is hepatitis B?
Slide 20
Remember: No pulmonary hypertension associated with PAN
Blood is flowing through a vessel at a rate of 600 mL/s.
The average velocity of blood in that segment is measured to be 30 cm/s.
What is the cross‑sectional area of the vessel?
20cm2
When this TCA cycle enzyme is allosterically inhibited by ATP, citrate is diverted towards the cytosol
What is isocitrate dehydrogenase?
Slide 16; SLO2 IL5
Remember: Acetyl-CoA uses citrate shuttle to leave mitochondria, citrate in the cytosol cleaved by ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) back to acetyl-CoA and OAA, citrate inhibits PFK-1 and activates ACC
How does the OAA get back into the mitochondria?? What does this process regenerate for glycolysis??
An increase in contractility would have this effect on the ESPVR slope in a PV loop
What is increase (make it steeper)?
Slide 37; SLO9
Vasoconstriction of the cerebral arteries can lead to this triad of symptoms
What are hypertension (widened PP), bradycardia (reflexive), and respiratory depression?
Slide 22; SLO7 IL9
Remember: This can occur due to things like hemorrhage, increased ICP, or vasomotor center sensing local ischemia
In mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, an aneurysm typically forms on this artery
What is a coronary artery?
AKA Kawasaki's
Slide 23
Remember: Treat with immunoglobulin and aspirin, get RECD (Rash, Erythema, Conjunctivitis, Desquamation)
Three arterioles branch off from a small artery and run in parallel. Their individual resistances are:
What is the total resistance of the parallel network?
4
Omega oxidation occurs in this part of the cell
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
Slide 16; SLO4 IL6
Remember: Results in dicarboxylic acids, assumes a more important role when beta-oxidation is defective
When looking at a PV loop, this event occurs at the bottom right corner
What is the closure of the mitral valve?
Slide 34
Peripheral chemoreceptors are stimulated by these 3 signals
What are hypercapnia (high pCO2), low pH, and hypoxemia (low pO2)?
Slide 17; SLO6 IL9
What about central chemoreceptors??
What is the aortic arch?
Slide 16
A patient has a blood pressure of 150/90
What is this patient’s mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
110 mmHg
This enzyme converts cis double bonds to trans during beta-oxidation
Beta-oxidation of what kind of fat does this step have to occur in?
What is Enoyl-CoA isomerase?
Unsaturated fats
Slide 11; SLO2 IL6
When is alpha-oxidation used??
Atrial fibrillation would cause this change to an JVP waveform
What is an absent "a" wave?
Slide 7, SLO7
Complete heart block??
Tricuspid stenosis??
Tricuspid regurgitation??
*Constrictive pericarditis??*
In progressive hemorrhagic shock, brainstem ischemia leads to the failure of this compensatory mechanism
What is the vasomotor center?
Loss of sympathetic tone -> vasodilation -> lower BP -> more ischemia
Slide 34; SLO9 TBL4
Remember: Cardiac depression also leads to myocardial ischemia (lower CO -> lower B -> more ischemia)
This condition, marked by aching and stiffness in the shoulders and hips, occurs in up to half of patients with giant cell arteritis and often precedes the onset of temporal headaches or visual symptoms.
What is polymyalgia rheumatica?
Slide 11
A 62‑year‑old man is evaluated for shortness of breath. As part of a cardiopulmonary assessment, the following measurements are obtained:
Using Fick’s principle, calculate the patient’s cardiac output in L/min.
5600 mL/min or 5.6 L/min