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There ya go making my heart beat again, heart beat again, heart beat again
Questions of science, science and progress, don't speak as loud as my heart
Will it wash out in the water, or is it always in the blood?
But you cannot stop the rhythm of two hearts in love to stay... 'cause you can't stop the beat
If I ever did that, I think I'd have a heart attack
100

What drugs can we use for pharmacologic stress test?

adenosine - regadenoson - dipyridamole - dobutamine 

100

Does the ideal confirmatory disease test have a high sensitivity or specificity?

Specificity. Minimize false positives. 

Screening tests ideally have high sensitivity. 

100

Which apolipoprotein is found on the surface of the LDL particle? 

ApoB100! 

100

Which anti-arrhythmic can cause drug induced lupus? 

Procainamide (class IA) 

100

What microscopic cardiac tissue changes do we see within the first 4 hours of MI?

wavy thin fibers


12-24 hours is when dead/necrotic tissue appears (red = dead) 

200

What is the treatment for beta blocker overdose?

Glucagon!

200

Results of stat lab work for patient A are labeled incorrectly and sent to patient B. What kind of lab error is this?

Post-analytical lab error. 


Pre-analytical lab errors are most common (ex: hemolyzed sample) 

200

What makes a plaque unstable/most vulnerable to rupture?

THIN fibrous cap - larger lipid core - dense macrophage/foam cell infiltrate

200

Sotalol is a class III anti-arrhythmic that has another unique property. In addition to its action on potassium channels, what other receptor does it bind?

Sotalol is also a non-selective beta blocker, so it can be used for supra ventricular arrythmias as well. 

200

Can ST depressions be used to localize ischemia? 

NOOOO.

300

How does ischemia affect cardiac tissue response to catecholamines? 

Ischemia increases cardiac tissue sensitivity to catecholamines --- increases the likelihood of catecholamine induced arrhythmia and promotes pathologic remodeling  
300

What is the relationship between prevalence and positive predictive value?

Direct. As prevalence increases, PPV increases. 

300

What does lipoprotein lipase do?

LPL hydrolyzes triglycerides in chylomicrons and VLDL to release free fatty acids 

300

Which anti-arrhythmic is associated with gingival hyperplasia? 

Verapamil 

300

What microscopic cardiac tissue changes do we see within 3-7 days of MI?

Cardiac tissue takes on a yellow appearance as macrophages take over.
400

What are the 4 cardio-selective beta blockers?

bisoprolol + esmolol + atenolol + metoprolol 

400

What is the equation for calculating estimated LDL? 

total cholesterol - HDL - (triglycerides/5)

400

Which dyslipidemia drug can cause gout as a side effect?

Niacin! 

400

Which phases of the nodal action potential do calcium channel blockers act on?

CCBs act on the pacemaker cells by slowing the upstroke (phase 0) and prolonging repolarization (phase 4)

400
How long after MI do troponins rise and peak? 

Troponin will increase within 2-4 hours of MI and peak at 24 hours. Normalize within 1-2 weeks. 

500

What arrhythmia is adenosine best for? 

SVT! Briefly block conduction through the AV node and let the heart reset 

500

What is the equation for endothelial sheer stress?

(shear rate at wall)*(blood viscosity)

remember LOW endothelial shear stress promotes atherosclerosis 

500

What is the primary effect of cholestyramine on lipid profiles? 

Decrease LDL. Although statins are much better at it. 

500

Which class of anti-arrhythmic drugs is contraindicated with a history of structural/ischemic heart disease?

Class IC (flecainide + propafenone) 

500

For what kind of MI do we NOT give beta blockers? 

Beta blockers are contraindicated for acute management of inferior STEMI (look in leads II, III, and aVF).