EKG Basics
2 components that determine whether or not we have a sinus rhythm.
What is an upright P wave before every QRS in lead II and an inverted P wave before every QRS in lead aVR.
The left and right umbilical arteries contain what type of blood?
What is deoxygenated blood.
The umbilical veins carry?
What is poorly oxygenated blood and waste products from embryo to placenta.
Blocks Vitamin K reductase, therefore preventing the carboxylationof clotting factors
Warfarin is metabolized by...
What is being metabolized by P450.
The inferior leads
What are leads II,III, and aVF.
The dorsal aorta has how many branches? DOUBLE if you can name what they supply (all or nothing)
What are aortic arches which exist in the pharyngeal arches, ventral branches which go to the gut and develop vitellines, lateral branches which go to the retroperitoneal organs, and intersegmental arteries which go to the body wall and the limbs.
When neural crest cells migrate to the wrong place and the conotruncal septum doesn’t spiral.
What is D-transposition of the Great Vessels
Blocks ADP receptors reducing the expression of GPreceptors, and inhibiting platelet aggregation.
What is clopidogrel and prasugrel
Apart from hemorrhage, what is a main side effect of heparin?
What is thrombocytopenia.
What are the 6 precordial leads? The 6 limb leads?
What are leads V1-V6 and leads I-III, aVR, aVL, aVF.
The 4th aortic arch on the left gives us...?
What is the arch of the aorta.
When the left anterior cardinal vein persists, and the left brachiocephalic vein does not form.
What is a doubled superior vena cava.
Catalyzes the formation of plasmin, which lyses the clot. Advantageous toconvert "clot-bound" plasminogen.
What is fibrinolytics
Treatment for severe bleeding?
What is fresh frozen plasma.
What is 2nd degree Mobitz I
The recurrent laryngeal nerve wraps around what arches on the L and R respectively?
What is, on the left side, it catches on the 6th arch and slides up it to the 4th. It may be found next to ligamentum arteriosum looping around the arch of the aorta. The right recurrent laryngeal loops around the 4th arch derivative (RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN).
When the right supracardinal vein also loses its connection to the right posterior cardinal, anastomosing with the part of the superior vena cava that originates from the right anterior cardinal vein, forming?
What is the azygous vein.
Eptifibitide/Tirofiban MOA
What is blocking the GP IIb/IIIa receptors on platelets preventing fibrinogen cross-linking and inhibiting platelet aggregation.
Aminocaproic acid will reverse bleeding due to...
What is plasminogen activation thus inhibiting fibrinolysis. FIBRINOLYTICS!
A rhythm that has a constant P to P interval, constant R to R interval, but varying PR intervals.
What is 3rd degree or complete heart block.
The 7th cervical intersegmental artery and the 5th lumbar intersegmental grow into...?
The 7th cervical intersegmental artery grows out into the upper limb bud and is elaborated to supply the upper extremity. The 5th lumbar intersegmental grows into the lower limb bud.
With remodeling, what happens to the left horn of the sinus venosus? More specifically, what is it reduced to?
The left side input to the sinus venosus—greatly reduced and the left horn of the sinus venosus is reduced to the coronary sinus and oblique vein.
Rivaroxaban MOA
What is a factor Xa inhibitor. It is used as an alternative to warfarin with coagulation monitoring being less of an issue, metabolized byP450 (drug interactions).
What is a severe, immunoglobulin-mediated platelet activation.