ASCVD
This score was developed by the AHA in 2023 to estimate 10-year ASCVD risk and guide statin therapy in primary prevention.
PREVENT-ASCVD
Which maneuver can help terminate AVNRT and is often used as first-line treatment in stable patients?
Valsalva maneuver
What valvular lesion is most classically associated with bounding pulses, widened pulse pressure, and a head bob?
Aortic regurgitation
Length of time for which ACEI must be discontinued prior to initiating sacubitril/valsartan
36 hours
Mutations of the gene producing this protein have been strongly implicated in Marfan’s Syndrome.
Fibrillin-1
What is the target LDL level for very high-risk ASCVD patients according to recent guidelines?
Less than 70 mg/dL
In the setting of syncope and bifascicular block, the next step in evaluation
EP study or empiric pacemaker placement
TEE is superior to TTE in evaluating which two types of valvular lesions?
Prosthetic valve dysfunction and endocarditis
A 45-year-old man with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy presents to your clinic for follow-up. He was recently diagnosed with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation during his annual physical exam. Based on the ACC/AHA 2020 HCM guidelines, what is the first-line anticoagulant and what is the second-line anticoagulant
1. DOAC
2. Warfarin
This common ICU drug can cause cyanide toxicity, presenting with confusion, seizures, and a “cherry red” appearance.
Nitroprusside
What is the most likely cause of elevated troponin with normal coronary arteries in a young woman with sudden chest pain and ST-elevations?
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)
This inherited condition is associated with sudden cardiac death during sleep or rest and a “coved” ST elevation in leads V1–V3
Brugada syndrome
What echocardiographic finding indicates severe aortic stenosis?
Aortic valve area <1.0 cm² or mean gradient >40 mmHg
What is the mechanism of action of ivabradine, and when is it indicated in HFrEF?
Inhibits funny current (If); indicated in symptomatic HFrEF with HR > 70 bpm despite max beta-blocker
This condition is characterized by paradoxical embolism and should be suspected in young patients with cryptogenic stroke.
Patent foramen ovale (PFO)
This apolipoprotein is a marker of atherogenic particle burden and may be elevated even when LDL is normal
ApoB (Apolipoprotein B)
In a patient with frequent PVCs (>10% burden), what complication can develop over time if untreated?
PVC-induced cardiomyopathy
In a patient with chronic severe aortic regurgitation, this is the key echocardiographic measurement that indicates the need for surgery in asymptomatic individuals.
Left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVESD) >50 mm or EF <55%
What is the screening interval for asymptomatic first-degree relatives of patients with HCM?
3-5 years
What syndrome includes supravalvular aortic stenosis and an elfin facies?
Williams syndrome
This genetic mutation results in defective LDL receptor recycling and is implicated in familial hypercholesterolemia
PCSK9 gain-of-function mutation
Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia is classically associated with toxicity from this medication
Digoxin
In prosthetic valve endocarditis, this imaging modality should be considered in addition to TEE
PET-CT (FDG-PET)
Respiratory variation of the mitral inflow velocity measured by doppler that varies by more than this percentage is supportive of a diagnosis of cardiac tamponade
25%
Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and the ECG finding of epsilon waves are characteristic of this condition.
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy