Spongebob
Four findings of Tetralogy of Fallot
1. VSD
2. Pulmonary infundibular stenosis (looks smaller because..)
3. Aortic override
4. RVH
If you're a WPW patient: what kind of refractory period do you want with your accessory tract, long or short?
LONG (you want conduction to be below 250 bpm)
Otherwise... life threatening arrythmias :(
Marker for disease activity of Wegner's granulomatosis?
C-ANCA
(P-ANCA is for microscopic polyangiitis and Churg Strauss)
Most common congenital cardiac anomaly causing death in neonates?
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
(also most common reason for heart transplant in neonate)
Name 4 forms of vegetative endocarditis:
1. Rheumatic
2. Infectious
3. Non-bacterial thrombotic
4. Libman-Sacks
Give 3 reversible causes of dilated cardiomyopathy
1. Alcohol (more like chronic alcohol use)
2. Ischemia (revascularization restores function in chronically ischemic hibernating myocardium)
3. Hypertension
Is drinking alcohol a risk factor for atherosclerosis?!
Nope! Don't turn into alcoholics pls
MCC death in young athletes
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Most common electrolyte imbalance causing long QT syndrome?
Low K
(low Ca and Mg can do it too)
Name a parasite that can cause dilated cardiomyopathy
Chagas disease
Give the deviations for the following:
1. (+) in lead I, but (-) in aVF
2. (-) in lead I, but (+) in aVF
3. (-) for both lead I and aVF
1. LAD
2. RAD
3. No man's land AKA indeterminate
Beck's triad: Large globular heart + hypotension + increased JVP = ?
Cardiac tamponade
MCC of cyanotic heart disease?
Tetrology of Fallot
Most common vasculitis in the elderly
Giant cell (temporal) arteritis = large vessels
Name the 2 conditions where standing / valsalva result in a louder murmur
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HOCM)
Mitral valve proplase
Give two situations where pts with cardiac tamponade do not show pulsus paradoxus.
1. Hypotension
2. Hypovolemia
Major condition / risk factors for having digitoxin toxicity?
Hypokalemia (i.e. from steroids, loop/thiazide diuretics)
MCC out-of-hospital sudden cardiac death?
Primary Vfib
Most important determinant of myocardial O2 consumption (MVO2)?
Heart rate! (doubling HR more than doubles MVO2)
Necrotizing vasculitis with consistent aged lesions and fibrinoid necrosis of small vessels
Microscopic polyangiitis
(polyarteritis nodosa has different aged lesions and affects medium sized vessels)
If ASDs are not fixed, what life threatening conditions of the heart result?
RV heart failure + pulmonary HTN
(increased RA/RV preload and increased pulmonary blood flow)
Major contraindication for Class Ic anti-arrhythmic (flecainide)?
Pts with CAD/CHF (because of its pro-arrhythmic effects)
Mechanism and major side effect of hydralazine?
K+ channel opener ; drug-induced lupus
Name 4 classes of drugs that reduce mortality in CHF patients.
1. Beta blockers (reduce sudden death incidence)
2. ACE inhibitors
3. ARBs
4. Aldosterone antagonists
Nitrates reduce O2 demand mostly by reducing preload or afterload?
Preload (via potent venous dilation)