Responses to Exercise
Increases with increased exercise intensity until exhaustion, when it begins to level off. It plateaus with a constant work rate at submaximal exercise levels.
What is heart rate?
Fox equation
What is 220-age?
The amount of blood pumped by the ventricles each beat or contraction.
What is stroke volume (SV)?
Known as "shortness of breath"; common in those with poor aerobic fitness
What is dyspnea?
After prolonged aerobic exercise in a hot environment, stroke volume gradually decreases, and heart rate gradually increases (cardiac output is maintained, but arterial blood pressure also declines).
What is cardiovascular drift?
Increases during exercise. Plateaus at exercise intensities between 40-60% of VO2max, and remains unchanged to exhaustion.
What is stroke volume?
Tanaka method
What is 208 - (0.7 x age)?
The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute.
What is cardiac output (Q)?
Lower airway obstruction; coughing, wheezing, or dyspnea; can occur in childhood OR later in life.
This occurs just before the start of exercise; this response is mediated through the release of norepinephrine from the sympathetic nervous system and the hormone epinephrine from the adrenal medulla. Vagal tone also decreases.
What is anticipatory heart rate?
Increases with increased exercise intensity to ensure adequate oxygen & nutrients reach muscles and waste products are cleared away. Plateaus near VO2max.
What is cardiac output (Q)?
Hunt equation
What is 211 - .64 (age)?
The average pressure over the entire cardiac cycle.
What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
•MAP ~ 2/3 DPB + 1/3 SBP
•MAP = SBP + 2(DBP)/3
Happens when there is pressure against a closed glottis; increases intra-abdominal pressure.
What is the Valsalva manuever?
Along with resting heart rate (RHR), this heart rate also decreases as fitness increases.
What is steady-state heart rate?
Increases with increased exercise, though systolic and diastolic pressures do not both increase to a similar degree.
What is blood pressure?
Q
What is HR x SV?
The amount of oxygen extracted from the blood as it travels through the body, or the difference between the oxygen content of arterial blood and venous blood.
What is (a-v)O2 difference?
The point during intense exercise in which one becomes anaerobic; reflects the lactate threshold.
What is Ventilatory threshold (VT)?
The mechanism by which the heart generates a stronger contraction when the ventricle is stretched more during diastole; an increased amount of blood in the ventricle causes a stronger ventricular contraction to increase the amount of blood ejected.
What is the Frank-Starling mechanism?
Increases during exercise to active muscles and decreases to kidneys, liver, stomach, and intestines.
What is blood flow?
SV
What is EDV - ESV?
Example: 100 mL - 40 mL = 60 mL or 60% for ejection fraction.
A decrease in plasma volume leads to more concentrated RBCs - what is this called?
What is hemoconcentration?
Respiratory muscles receive approximately this percentage of cardiac output (Q) during heavy exercise.
What is 15%?
This type of recovery facilitates pH recovery; it helps speed up blood lactate removal due to elevated blood flow through muscles.
What is active recovery.