Anatomy
Right atrium
Describe stroke volume
Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart (left ventricle) per beat.
What is aerobic exercise?
Any physical activity that increases your respiratory rate and heart rate. Exercise that uses oxygen to produce energy.
Describe what happens to heart rate as intensity increases.
heart rate increases as intensity increases until it reaches maximum heart rate
Identify 1 illegal performance enhancing substance or method that impacts the cardiorespiratory system.
Synthetic EPO or Blood doping or Beta blockers
Identify 2 components of blood and the key function of each
White blood cells - immunity
Red blood cells - carry and transport oxygen around the body
Platelets - blood clotting
Plasma - water and maintain the fluid of the blood
State the equation for cardiac output
Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
State 2 cardiovascular adaptations to regular aerobic exercise.
Increased stroke volume, increased ventricle thickness, improved oxygen extraction, increased blood volume, decreased systolic blood pressure, increased vascularization
Describe what happens to stroke volume as exercise intensity increases.
Stroke volume increases as exercise intensity increases. Stroke volume will plateau at 55-60% of maximum heart rate.
Describe the benefit to the cardiorespiratory system of synthetic EPO
Increased red blood cell production means that the cardiovascular system is more efficient at transporting oxygen to around the body to the working muscles which reduces fatigue of the athlete
Fill in the blanks describing the order of oxygen into the lungs. Oral cavity/Nasal cavity -> Pharynx -> ___________ -> Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> ___________.
Larynx
Alveoli
Describe tidal volume
The amount of air breathed in and out in one breath
State 2 respiratory system adaptations to regular aerobic exercise.
After stroke volume plateaus what will any increase in intensity be a result of.
Once stroke volume plateaus any increase in exercise intensity will result from an increase in heart rate to meet oxygen demand of the working muscles.
Identify a sport that the use of beta blockers would be beneficial in.
Archery, Shooting, Golf, Darts
What are two structures involved in internal respiration?
Capillaries
Muscle / organ
Describe cardiac output
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart in a minute.
Describe how an increased stroke volume improves athlete performance.
With an increased stroke volume the heart has to beat less times per minute (heart rate) to achieve the same cardiac output. Therefore the athlete can perform at higher intensities with a lower heart rate meaning they reduce how fast they will fatigue.
Convection - air or water moving over the body - pouring water over head or standing in front of a fan
Conduction - via contact - wearing an ice vest
Evaporation - sweating mechanism
Radiation - shunting blood to the skin and heat loss through skin
Describe altitude training.
Training at high altitudes to (above 2000m) in reduced oxygen environments (lower atmospheric pressure meaning there is less oxygen available to be taken into the blood.
Describe the pathway of blood from the left pulmonary vein to the muscle. Make sure you include vales
Left atrium -> Mitral valve -> Left ventricle -> Aortic Valve -> Aorta -> arteries -> capillary
Describe minute (or pulmonary) ventilation.
The amount of air breathed in and out of the lungs per minute
Describe how an increased tidal volume benefits athlete performance.
Explain how an athlete can have different respiratory rates at rest but the same minute (pulmonary) ventilation.
The athletes can have different respiratory rates at rest because but the same minute ventilation as their tidal volumes are different. If an athletes as a decreased respiratory rate at rest their tidal volume will be higher to compensate.