mixed bag
differentiate between thrombus and embolism
thrombus: stay in place
embolism: travels
what is the most abundant type of blood vessel
capillaries
preload: filling pressure of heart/pressure on ventricles before they contract
afterload: pressure the heart must overcome to eject blood from ventricles during a contraction
3 types of granulocytes
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
what is an aneurysm? what is the difference between a true and false aneurysm
abnormal localized dilation of a blood vessel
true aneurysm: bounded by a complete vessel wall with an increase in diameter of 50% or greater
false aneurysm: localized rupture of vascular wall with extravascular hematoma formation, bounded by supporting tissues
How do you calculate MAP?
(2 x diastolic + systolic)/3
what are varicose veins
veins get stretched out/enlarged and are under high pressure
what is the pathway of blood (include the chambers of the heart, valves, and vessels)
blood goes from the right atria to right ventricle through the tricuspid valve
blood goes from the right ventricle to pulmonary arteries through pulmonary semilunar valve
blood goes to the lungs then returns to the heart (left atria) through the pulmonary veins
blood goes from the left atria to the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve
blood leaves the ventricle, to the aorta through the aortic semilunar valve
blood goes through systemic circulation then returns to the right atria through the superior and inferior vena cava
3 causes of anemia
1. insufficient erythrocytes
2. low hemoglobin content
3. abnormal hemoglobin
what is hemophilia
genetic bleeding disorder
issues with clotting cascade cause prolonged bleeding
hemoglobin structure
protein globin: 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains
heme pigment
iron
at what rate does the SA node, AV node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibres fire at
SA node: 75 times per minute
AV node: 50 times per minute
Bundle of His: 20-40 times per minute
Purkinje fibres: 30 times per minute
Blood pressure is dependent on what 3 variables
cardiac output
resistance
blood volume
what is sickle cell anemia
genetic defect in coding for Hb
causes RBCs to sickle in shape with low O2
describe 3 types of aneurysms: berry, saccular, fusiform
berry: small, spherical dilation at a bifurcation
saccular: weakness on one side of a vessel and is attached to main vessel via small stem
fusiform: involves entire circumference of vessel, gradual and progressive dilation
what is compliance?
total quantity of blood that can be stored in each portion of the circulation for each mmHg rise in pressure (ability for blood vessel to expand with little change in pressure)
5 phases of cardiac action potential (and what happens during each of them)
phase 0: rapid depolarization (Na+ enters cell quickly)
phase 1:rapid repolarization (fast Na+ channels close)
phase 2: absolute refractory period/ plateau (not much is happening here, Ca2+ enters cell and K+ exits cell)
phase 3: relative refractory period (K+ exits cell)
phase 4: diastolic repolarization (Na+ leaks slowly into cell)
3 phases of coagulation
1. prothrombin activator is formed through either intrinsic or extrinsic pathways
2. prothrombin is converted into thrombin
3. thrombin catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen to form a fibrin mesh
what is thrombocytopenia
platelet deficiency
describe the 4 types of shock: cardiogenic, hypovolemic, obstructive, distributive
cardiogenic: heart fails to pump blood sufficiently
hypovolemic: significant decrease in blood or plasma volume
obstructive: mechanical obstruction of flow of blood through central circulation
distributive: loss of vessel tone, enlargement of vascular compartment, and displacement of vascular volume away from the heart and central circulation (includes anaphylactic, neurogenic, and septic shock)
hemostasis: 5 steps
1. vascular spasm
2. platelet plug formation
3. coagulation
4. clot retraction
5. clot dissolution
layers of the heart inside to out (hint: there are 6)
endocardium
myocardium
visceral pericardium
pericardial cavity
parietal pericardium
fibrous pericardium
3 phases of development: erythropoiesis
1. ribosome synthesis
2. hemoglobin accumulation
3. ejection of the nucleus and formation of reticulocytes
what is the renin-angiotensin system? Give the steps, and where enzymes are released from and what they do.
kidney senses low bp/perfusion and releases renin
the liver releases angiotensinogen
angiotensinogen + renin = angiotensin I
ACE (from lungs) + angiotensin I = angiotensin II
angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor itself. It also goes to the adrenal glands which release aldosterone and the pituitary gland which releases ADH
aldosterone = reuptake of Na+
ADH = reuptake of water