Pathophysiology
This is the buildup of fat, cholesterol, and plaque on the inner arterial walls causing narrowing and hardening.
What is Atherosclerosis?
Cardiovascular disease is the #1 cause of death globally, responsible for approximately this many deaths annually.
What is 17.7 million?
This 69-year-old male patient was diagnosed with this primary cardiac condition.
What is congestive heart failure?
This antiplatelet medication may cause GI irritation and should be taken with food.
What is aspirin?
This Roman saint is traditionally associated with Valentine’s Day.
Who is Saint Valentine?
Reduced blood flow and oxygen from atherosclerosis can ultimately lead to this life-threatening event.
What is a myocardial infarction (heart attack)?
These are the three major modifiable lifestyle risk factors that account for 90% of myocardial infarction risk.
What are smoking, physical inactivity, and unhealthy eating?
Two classic symptoms Charles experienced that indicate fluid overload and worsening heart failure.
What are dyspnea and orthopnea?
This anticoagulant inhibits vitamin K clotting factors and requires consistent vitamin K intake.
What is warfarin?
This flower, especially the red variety, is most commonly given on Valentine’s Day.
What is a rose?
High uptake of this lipoprotein contributes to plaque formation in arteries.
What is LDL?
An LDL level above this value is considered high risk.
What is greater than 160 mg/dL?
This nutrition intervention included limiting sodium to 2 grams per day and restricting fluids to 1.5 liters.
What is the nutrition prescription for heart failure?
This ACE inhibitor increases the risk of hyperkalemia and requires avoiding potassium salt substitutes.
What is lisinopril?
This popular chocolate company began selling heart-shaped boxes in the 1860s.
What is Cadbury?
Elevated levels of this inflammatory marker (>3 mg/L) indicate acute vascular inflammation.
What is C-reactive protein (CRP)?
These four conditions are classified under cardiovascular disease.
What are coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease, and aortic atherosclerosis?
This PES statement problem focused specifically on fluid overload rather than general nutrient imbalance.
What is excessive fluid accumulation?
This statin lowers cholesterol by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase and may lower CoQ10 levels.
What is atorvastatin?
This fictional baby with wings has caused unrealistic relationship expectations since ancient times.
Who is Cupid?
A TMAO level greater than this value increases cardiovascular disease risk.
What is greater than 10 µM?
This biomarker, when elevated above 400 mg/dL, increases blood clot risk.
What is fibrinogen?
This monitoring strategy is considered one of the most sensitive indicators of worsening heart failure and fluid retention.
What is daily weight monitoring?
This diuretic increases sodium and water excretion and requires monitoring electrolytes and daily weight.
What is furosemide?
This ancient Roman festival, celebrated in mid-February, is believed to have influenced Valentine’s Day traditions.
What is Lupercalia?