Blood Pressure Regulation
This equation describes the relationship between blood pressure, cardiac output, and systemic vascular resistance.
What is P = Q x R where P is pressure force, Q is blood flow, and R is resistance
These 4 drug classes decrease peripheral resistance.
What are RAAS blockers, Calcium channel blockers, Nitrates, and a-adrenoceptor blockers.
These are the triggers of atherosclerosis
What are inflammation (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, chemical & air pollution, hyperlipidemia) and arterial damage (habitual vigorous exercise and ageing/stiff calcified arteries).
The patient comes to the ER complaining of shortness of breath, fatigue, and jaundice, what would you diagnose them with?
Heart failure.
Stimulation of this systemic division increases heart rate by increasing calcium conductance in pacemaker cells
What is the sympathetic nervous system
Enalapril belongs to this drug category and has the role of this.
What is an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) and reducing angiotensin II generation.
A patient presents with a small plaque in their femoral artery that is characterized by a thick fibrous cap, well-organized dense tissue, and microcalcifications. How would you characterize their plaque and what is a potential major consequence of it if left untreated?
Unstable plaque due to microcalcifications, peripheral arterial disease (intermittent claudication, impotence, nonhealing leg ulcers, gangrene).
These are the three causes of cardiac hypertrophy.
What are hypertension, valvular disease, and myocardial infarction.
This blood pressure regulation system responds the most to dehydration.
What is vasopressin/antidiuretic hormone.
These are the therapeutic goals for acute coronary syndrome.
What are to improve perfusion to the myocardium (increase O2), reduce metabolic need of the heart (decrease oxygen demand), and prevent clot formation.
A patient presents with narrowed arteriole lumen and concentric necrosis around the vessel wall, what is your diagnosis?
Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis
Ischaemic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, valvular heart disease, and cardiomyopathy are all this type of heart failure.
What is left heart failure
A sudden drop in blood pressure decreases baroreceptor firing, leading to these two physiological responses in vasculature and the heart to restore blood pressure.
What are vasoconstriction and increased cardiac output by increased heart rate and contractility
You have a patient with atherosclerosis that has a heart rate of 120 bpm and wants a drug that will not impact their peripheral vascular system. What are two drugs you could prescribe them?
Atenolol (B1 selective B-adrenceptor blocker) or Verapamil (heart selective calcium channel blocker)
These are the characteristic features of the heart as a consequence of hypertensive vascular disease.
What are left ventricle hypertrophy, left atrium enlargement, accelerated coronary atherosclerosis (arrythmias and heart failure)
You are presented with a heart where the left ventricle has circumferential necrosis in the inner 1/3 of the wall. What is your diagnosis (be specific)?
What is circumferential subendocardial infarct