Cardiovascular systems
What are the three main fluid types in a cardiovascular system?
intracellular fluid found inside of the cell, extracellular fluid is not contained in cells, and interstitial fluid is found between cells.
What kind of gradient is used to move fluid through the circulatory system?
hydrostatic.
What is the purpose of the atria and ventricles?
The atria receives blood while the ventricles pump blood.
What is the difference between a myogenic and neurogenic heart?
the nervous system stimulates a neurogenic heart while a myogenic heart stimulates itself.
What is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood?
The pulmonary artery
What is the gastrovascular cavity? Why don't organisms like this not need a dedicated cardiovascular system?
Has only one opening to the environment in which nutrients come in and waste goes out. Able to regulate nutrients and waste without needing a circulatory system.
What is the difference between blood and hemolymph? What type of system is hemolymph found in?
What direction do the AV valves allow blood flow? What direction do the semilunar valves allow blood flow?
atrioventricular ventricular valves between the atria and the ventricles. Semilunar valves between the ventricles and their respective arteries.
At what rate does the SA node fire?
What is the difference between systole and diastole, and what is the normal measurement of this in the body?
systole is when chambers of the heart are contracting and diastole is when the chambers of the heart are relaxing. 120/80 mmHg
What are the differences between a closed and open circulatory system?
What is the difference between the three vessel types and what direction they carry blood.
Arteries are large, muscular vessels that carry blood away from the heart (arterioles to capillaries). Veins carry blood to the heart and thin walls (capillaries to venules). Capillaries have thin walls, deliver nutrients, and take waste from cells, lowest speed.
Name all of the valves and where to find them.
pulmonary semilunar valve = ventricle and pulmonary artery
bicuspid valve = left atria and ventricle
aortic semilunar valve = left ventricle and aorta
What is meant by depolarization and repolarization? How is each of these accomplished?
depolarization is when the inside of the cell becomes more positive. Repolarization is when the cell is returning to its membrane potential (becoming negative again)
What form of resistance to blood flow can the PNS and SNS affect?
Radius of the vasculature. These branches of the ANS can dilate or constrict vessels to control blood flow.
What is a single circulatory system? What is the path of a drop of blood?
Blood goes through the systematic and breathing circuits by passing the heart once. Blood is pumped from the heart, oxygenated by the gills, off loads in the systematic circuit, and returns to the heart.
Is blood flow to organs equal under a given condition? If not what is regulating this flow?
This is not equal and can be regulated by the ANS.
What is stroke volume versus cardiac output?
stroke volume is the volume pumping in one cardiac contraction while cardiac output is the volume pumped in one minute (SV*HR).
What is the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic control systems of the heart? Describe each of these and how they regulate the cardiac output.
If the tricuspid valve does not completely shut when the ventricle contracts, how will this affect stroke volume and cardiac output?
What is a double circulatory system? Trace a drop of blood. How does this system differ from mammals to reptiles?
double circulatory system involves the blood going through the heart twice. Deoxygenated blood enters and is pumped to the pulmonary (breathing) circuit and returns to the heart before being pumped to the systematic circuit. Reptiles can gas exchange through their skin when under water, so they have an additional vessel to bring deoxygenated blood to the skin (systematic circuit).
What are the three types of resistance a vessel may experience?
length of the vasculature, viscosity of the fluid, and radius of the vasculature.
Draw and label an EKG.
P-wave: depolarization of the atria
Delay: atria contracting
QRS complex: ventricles depolarizing, atria repolarizing
Delay: ventricles contracting
T-wave: ventricles are repolarizing
Trace the path an electrical signal takes as it travels through the heart.
SA node to the AV node to the bundle of his, bundle branches, and purkinje fibers.
A pack of wolves has just circled you, what branch of the ANS is going to respond and how will it affect your HR and BP?
Your sympathetic nervous system will respond, causing your HR to increase and your vessels to constrict, therefore increasing your blood pressure.