Cardiovascular Anatomy
What is the largest artery of the human system?
The aorta
What type of pain would a person experience in a myocardial infarction?
Chest & radiating pain?
What does the P wave on an ECG represent?
Atrial depolarization.
What is the primary biomarkers for heart attach (MI)? (Specific protein to identify)
Troponin
Nitroglycerin (GTN)
What are the smallest blood vessels in the body, where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products occurs?
What is the term for swelling in the lower extremities, commonly seen in patients with right-sided heart failure?
Peripheral oedema
What are the shockable rhythms?
Ventriculat tachycardia & ventricular fibrillation
Which non-invasive test uses sound waves to create images of the heart, often used to diagnose heart valve disorders and assess heart function?
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Which medication class, often used in heart failure, helps reduce fluid buildup by promoting urine production?
Diuretics
Which valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle, preventing backflow of blood?
Mitral valve
What is the classic sign of left-sided heart failure that involves difficulty breathing, especially when lying flat?
Orthopnoea
What is the location of V4?
5th inter-coastal space in the mid-clavicle line.
What is the window period (door-to-door) of a PCI, after a myocardial infarction?
60-90 minutes
What is the name of the surgical procedure that involves grafting blood vessels to bypass blocked coronary arteries?
Coronary artery bypass graft (GABG)
Which part of the heart's conduction system is known as the "natural pacemaker"?
The SA (sinoatrial) node
What is the term for the bluish discoloration of the skin, lips, or fingernails that indicates poor oxygenation of the blood?
Cyanosis
What is the difference between STEMI & NSTEMI?
What test measures the heart’s response to physical exertion or a controlled increase in heart rate, often used to diagnose coronary artery disease?
Exercise stress test
What is the primary side effects of ACE inhibitors?
Dry cough
What is the name of the coronary artery that supplies blood to the majority of the heart’s left side, including the left atrium and left ventricle?
Left anterior descending (LAD) artery.
What is the classic symptom of cardiogenic shock characterized by cold, clammy skin and weak pulses?
Hypoperfusion
Name four abnormal ECG readings.
Atrial fibrillation
Ventricular tachycardia
Asystole
Ventricular fibrillation
What imaging technique uses dye and X-rays to visualize the coronary arteries, often used to diagnose blockages or narrowing?
Coronary angiography/angiography
In the management of acute myocardial infarction, what medication is typically given immediately to reduce blood clotting?
Aspirin