Heart Structures & Location
Role of the heart in the body
What is pumping blood for nutrient and gas transport
Vessel carrying blood away from the heart
What are arteries
Systemic circulation – major vessel involved
Name the aorta (and perhaps iliac arteries)
Parts of the aorta
What are ascending, arch, thoracic, abdominal aorta
Phases of the cardiac cycle
What are atrial systole, ventricular systole, diastole
Components of blood
What are plasma, RBCs, WBCs, platelets
Where is the heart located
What is the mediastinum, between lungs under the sternum
Smallest exchange vessels
What are capillaries
Coronary circulation and its vessels
What are the coronary arteries and aortic arch branches
Veins forming the SVC
What are the left/right brachiocephalic veins
First and second heart sounds
What are closing of AV (“LUB”) and semilunar (“DUB”) valves
Main CO₂ transport in RBCs
What is bicarbonate formation (via carbonic anhydrase)
Layers of the heart wall – fibrous covering, outer, muscle, inner
What are fibrous pericardium, epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Three capillary types
What are continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid capillaries
Pulmonary circulation pathway
What are pulmonary trunk, arteries, veins
Major abdominal aorta branches
What are celiac trunk, mesenterics, renal, iliacs
EKG waveform parts
What are P-wave, QRS complex, T-wave
Granulocytes vs agranulocytes
What are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils — vs lymphocytes, monocyte
Chambers of the heart – upper and lower
What are atria and ventricles
Methods of capillary exchange
What are diffusion, bulk flow, transcytosis, active transport
Portal circulation: gastrointestinal veins to liver
What are gastric, splenic, mesenteric veins → hepatic vein
Arteries of upper and lower limbs
Describe subclavian/brachial and femoral/popliteal arteries
Cardiac output equation and influencers
What is CO = HR × SV and affected by preload, contractility
Steps of hemostasis
What are vascular spasm, platelet plug, coagulation
Identify the 4 valves: pulmonary, aortic, tricuspid, mitral
What are those four heart valves
Compare elastic arteries, muscular arteries, and arterioles in terms of structure and function
Elastic arteries have more elastic fibers to stretch during systole; muscular arteries have more smooth muscle for vasoconstriction; arterioles control blood flow into capillary beds and regulate pressure.
Unique features of fetal circulation
What are ductus arteriosus, foramen ovale, umbilical vessels
Veins draining lower limbs
What are great/small saphenous and deep veins
Venous return: definition and mechanisms
What is blood return to heart via muscle pump, valves, respiration
Blood types in ABO system
How do antigens and antibodies define A, B, AB, O groups