Blood
This cell type is responsible for transporting Oxygen (bonus 100 points if you use its scientific name)
Red Blood Cell: Erythrocyte
Which side of the heart is oxygenated blood?
Left Side
These types of Blood Vessels always transport blood away from the heart
Arteries
All formed elements develop from this cell type
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
This blood type is the Universal Recipient (don't forget to include the Rh factor type as well)
AB+
(Because the blood cells posses the A antigen, the B antigen, and the Rh antigen (+) meaning that their plasma does not have any antibodies to target and attack cells displaying those antigens)
These are considered the "formed elements" of blood
(Need all three components - either general names or scientific)
Red Blood Cells (RBCs / Erythrocytes)
White blood cells (Leukocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
What is the name of the structure that separates the deoxygenated blood from oxygenated blood in the heart?
Septum
(Interventricular Septum)
These are the two most common arteries to take a pulse.
Carotid and radial
A CBC (complete blood cell count) is a medical test used to look at a patients blood. An increase in this cell type (which makes up the lowest % composition of blood) is considered an indication of an infection.
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
Which type of blood vessel is the deepest? Why?
Arteries because they need to be protected (injury results in faster blood lost)
Name the protein responsible for transporting oxygen AND why it is needed
Hemoglobin: Oxygen is nonpolar so it cannot dissolve directly in the blood and needs to be bound to a protein so it can be carried/transported through the circulatory system.
This node begins the signal for a heart beat (often called "the cardiac pacemaker")
sinoatrial (SA) node
Why do capillaries only have one thin layer?
Because oxygen and CO2 need to diffuse in and out to/from tissues.
Why do cells need to get oxygen?
(And don't say "to breathe!" )
It is a necessary reactant in cellular respiration which is used to generate energy (ATP) to power the cells necessary functions.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 🡪 ATP + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
The vessels that branch off the aorta and take blood to the kidneys
Renal Arteries
Describe both the composition and job of plasma
Composition: Water-based fluid with salts, nutrients, and other cells suspended in it.
Job: Transports nutrients, hormones, and proteins throughout the body, maintains blood pressure and volume
Name one event that can alter stroke volume and one event that can alter heart rate. Make sure to designate which is which.
Stroke volume can change by:
Exercise (additional blood return from muscles brings in more volume to the ventricles)
Rapid blood loss (decreases blood returning to heart)
Heart rate can change by:
Stress: (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems cause rate to increase or decrease)
Hormones: (epinephrine & thyroxine increase heart rate)
Ions: (Electrolyte imbalances affect the ability for the heart to contract)
Physical factors: (age, body temperature, and overall health)
Explain why it is more dangerous to severe an artery than a vein?
Arteries are under higher pressure (because they are closer to the heart) so you lose blood at a much faster rate.
Name 4 functions of the cardiovascular System
Oxygen transport
Nutrient transport
Waste product removal
Hormonal Transport
Immune System Support
Regulating body temperature
Maintaining Fluid Balance
Do you take your pulse at an artery or vein? Why?
Artery because it is under higher pressure so you can actually feel the difference between heart beats.
Name 3 differences between red blood cells and white blood cells.
RBCs do not have nuclei at maturity and WBCs do.
RBCs have a consistent life span (around 120 days) and WBCs range from days to years.
RBCs have a consistent concentration in the blood (44%), WBCs fluctuate widely (1% when healthy - increase with infection and immune response).
RBCs carry oxygen and WBCs support the immune system
Starting with the right atrium, what is the path that blood travels through the heart including any blood vessel directly leaving or entering the heart and the valves between chambers (don't need the semi-lunar valves)
Right atrium 🡪 Tricuspid Valve 🡪 Right Ventricle 🡪 Pulmonary arteries 🡪 (Lungs) 🡪 Pulmonary Veins 🡪 Left atrium🡪 Mitral (Bicuspid) valve 🡪 Left ventricle 🡪 Aorta 🡪 (body tissues ) 🡪 Superior/ Inferior Vena Cava 🡪
After eating a meal, your hands and feet feel cold because blood is being directed to your stomach. How does this occur?
The capillary sphincters restrict blood flow from the true capillaries to the shunt.
(This is basically like shutting off traffic on backroads and only allowing highway traffic).
Why is Carbon Monoxide so dangerous?
It competitively binds to hemoglobin taking up space that should be used to transport Oxygen instead.
(It also binds more tightly meaning it stays in the system longer preventing cells from receiving oxygen)
What is the full pathway of the electrical impulse in a heart?
SA node to AV node to AV bundles to bundle branches to Purkinje fibers