Anatomy
How many chambers does the heart have?
4
What does CAD cause?
Causes atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque.
What is the product of Heart Rate multiplied by the Stroke Volume?
Cardiac Output
When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, what is increased?
Heart Rate and Contractility
CAD progresses into what happens when the plaque ruptures?
Myocardial Infarction (HEART ATTACK)
Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the what?
left atrium (LA).
What is one of the main symptoms someone with CAD may have?
Chest pain
If BP raises, how will the body respond?
The body responds with vasodilation (blood vessels widen and heart rate decreases)
What do the blood vessels do in order to attempt to increase blood flow to the heart muscles?
Vasodilation
Name the heart valves
- Tricuspid
- Pulmonary
- Mitral (bicuspid)
- Aortic
What is plaque rupture? What happens?
The fibrous cap breaks, causing thrombus to form, leading to sudden blockage.
What are the stages involved in the Cardiac Cycle (in order)?
Late Diastole --> Atria Systole --> Isovolumetric Contraction --> Ventricular Ejection --> Isovolumetric Relaxation
The heart increases blood pressure in order to increase what 2 things? and why?
CO and Vascular Resistance so it can maintain circulation to vital organs.
Name the Different Layers of the Heart
1) Pericardium
2.) Epicardium
3.) Myocardium
4.) Endocardium
When the coronary arteries narrow, what happens to blood flow, oxygen, and the myocardial cells?
Blood flow decreases, O2 delivery decreases, because of this, the myocardial cells do not receive enough Oxygen.
Why does increased venous return lead to a stronger ventricular contraction according to the Frank–Starling law?
Increased venous return stretches the ventricular muscle fibers, causing a STRONGER contraction.
New blood vessels or enlargement of alt. Blood vessels
Impairment of cardiac mechanical and electrical activities leads to what?
Heart Failure and Arrhythmias