Cardiovascular
A 65-year-old man with a history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia presents with chest pain that worsens with exertion and improves with rest. ECG is normal at rest. What is the most likely diagnosis?
What is stable angina?
A 3-year-old boy presents with a harsh barking cough and inspiratory stridor. X-ray shows steeple sign. What is the most likely diagnosis?
What is croup/laryngotracheobronchitis?
A 45-year-old woman presents with acute onset of flank pain, hematuria, and costovertebral angle tenderness. Urinalysis shows RBCs but no casts. What is the most likely diagnosis?
What is nephrolithiasis?
A sudden increase in preload will have what effect on stroke volume?
What is an increase in stroke volume?
A 55-year-old man with hypertension is found to have a late-peaking systolic murmur at the right upper sternal border. What is the most likely diagnosis?
What is aortic stenosis?
A 55-year-old woman presents with syncope. ECG shows a prolonged QT interval. Which electrolyte abnormality is most likely responsible?
What is hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia?
A 68-year-old man with COPD presents with worsening shortness of breath. ABG shows PaCO₂ = 60 mmHg, PaO₂ = 55 mmHg, pH = 7.34. What is the acid-base disorder?
What is respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation?
A 56-year-old woman presents with fatigue and tea-colored urine after a recent upper respiratory infection. Complement levels are low, and a kidney biopsy shows subepithelial humps on electron microscopy. What is the most likely diagnosis?
What is poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
A 65-year-old patient with COPD develops chronic hypoxia. Which vascular change is most likely to occur in response?
What is pulmonary vasoconstriction?
A 60-year-old man with long-standing COPD is being examined. What physical exam finding would indicate chronic respiratory acidosis?
What is digital clubbing?
A patient with infective endocarditis due to Streptococcus viridans presents with new-onset diastolic murmur and a wide pulse pressure. Which valve is most likely affected?
What is the aortic valve?
A 45-year-old woman develops sudden-onset dyspnea and pleuritic chest pain after a long-haul flight. D-dimer is elevated. What is the most likely diagnosis?
What is pulmonary embolism?
A 65-year-old man with long-standing diabetes undergoes routine urinalysis, which shows albuminuria but no RBC casts or WBCs. What medication can slow disease progression?
What are ACE inhibitors or ARBs?
A patient with heart failure develops fluid retention. Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for sodium reabsorption in response to aldosterone?
What is the collecting duct?
A 30-year-old woman presents with palpitations and a midsystolic click on auscultation. What is the most likely diagnosis?
What is mitral valve prolapse?
A 20-year-old man collapses while playing basketball. His brother died suddenly at age 25. ECG shows deep Q waves in the lateral leads. What is the most likely diagnosis?
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
A 35-year-old man with asthma presents with shortness of breath. He has been using his albuterol inhaler more than four times per week. What is the next step in management?
What is adding an inhaled corticosteroid?
A 35-year-old woman presents with hemoptysis and hematuria. She has a linear pattern of IgG deposition on glomerular basement membrane biopsy. What is the most likely diagnosis?
What is Goodpasture syndrome?
A patient undergoes a rapid blood transfusion, leading to an increase in central venous pressure. How will baroreceptors in the carotid sinus respond?
What is increased firing rate, leading to decreased sympathetic tone and increased parasympathetic tone?
A 72-year-old man presents with bilateral lower extremity edema, jugular venous distension, and hepatomegaly. What is the most likely cause?
What is right heart failure?
A patient with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) involving the inferior leads (II, III, aVF) is given nitroglycerin and becomes hypotensive. What is the most likely cause?
What is right ventricular infarction?
A 32-year-old man develops fever, weight loss, and cough with hemoptysis. CXR shows cavitary lesions in the upper lobes. Acid-fast bacilli are found in the sputum. What is the most likely diagnosis?
What is tuberculosis?
A patient presents with gross hematuria and flank pain following a respiratory illness. C3 complement is normal, and biopsy shows IgA deposits in the mesangium. What is the most likely diagnosis?
What is IgA nephropathy/Berger disease?
A marathon runner becomes severely dehydrated. Which hormone will be most increased to maximize water reabsorption in the kidneys?
What is antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin?
A patient presents with hematuria, flank pain, and an abdominal mass. A solid, enhancing renal mass is found on imaging. What is the most likely diagnosis?
What is renal cell carcinoma?