Sepsis
Dysregulated inflammatory response
What does MRSA stand for?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
What is the gut microbiome?
Population of microorganisms, bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi
Name 2 risk factors associated with increased susceptibility to infection.
Chronic diseases, immunosuppression, age, recent severe illness, weakened immune system
What does PICS stand for?
Post-intensive care syndrome
What are 2 lab tests typically ordered when evaluating sepsis?
CBC with Differential and Procalcitonin
What is the color, shape, and arrangement of MRSA on a gram stain?
Purple, cocci, clusters
Describe the impact of gut microbiome diversity and susceptibility to infection.
More diverse microbiome decreases susceptibility to infection
What is the first layer of defense against infection?
Epidermis
Name 2 foods recommended for maintaining a healthy immune system.
Whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, meats/fish high in omega fatty acids
What is the key sign that indicates a patient is in septic shock?
They remain hypotensive even after fluids
What group of antibiotics is MRSA resistant to?
Beta-lactam antibiotics
Explain the relationship between the host and the microbiota.
Symbiotic relationship: host provides a habitat and nutrients for the microbiota while the microbiota support the development of the metabolic system and immune system
Which white blood cell arrives first in response to inflammation?
Neutrophils
Provide 3 recommendations for a counseling strategy for treatment adherence.
Increase microbiome diversity, increase fiber, take vitamins A, E, and C, increase omega-6/3 fatty acids, work with multidisciplinary team, etc.
There are 5 components of the SIRS criteria. Name 2 and their associated values.
Temperature over 38C or under 36C; Heart rate over 90; Respiratory rate over 20; Partial pressure of CO2 less than 32; White blood cell count over 12 or under 4
Name one antibiotic that is effective against MRSA.
Vancomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, linezolid
Name 3 factors that impact the gut microbiome.
Diet, pharmaceuticals, geography, lifecycle stages, birthing process, infant feeding method, stress
What type of cell primarily composes the outermost layer of the skin?
Keratinocytes
Name or describe a strategy to improve health literacy for patient adherence.
“Show me how…”, teach-back method, plain language and pictures, simple displays
In sepsis, there is a surge of signaling molecules that causes endothelial activation. What is the signaling molecule?
Cytokines
Where is the site of action of the antibiotics effective against MRSA?
Peptidoglycan cell wall
Describe the difference between probiotics and prebiotics.
Probiotics are live microorganisms and prebiotics are essentially food for the gut microbiota
What component of secretions from sebaceous and sweat glands inhibits bacterial growth?
Fatty acids
What are the 3 categories of PICS?
Physical, neurocognitive, psychological