Case 6 PBL Jeopardy

Week 1 and 2

100

what are the two stages of hypersensitivity?

1. sensitisation

2. elicitation

200

What are the immune reactants for the 4 types of hypersensitivities?

1 = IGE

2 = IGG

3 = IGG

4 = TH1 Cells, TH2 Cells, CTL

300

what are the three factors that control ventilation? describe each.

1. airway resistance--> resistance to airflow

2. alveolar surface tension--> this is the pull of the water molecules on the surface of the littlee alveolar sacs

3. lung compliance--> this is the extent to which the lung volume will expand for a given increase in trans pulmonary pressure

400

name the laryngeal muscles and their nerve supply 

- cricothyroid--> external laryngeal nerve

- thyroarytenoid--> recurrent laryngeal nerve

- posterior cricoarytenoid-->"

- lateral cricoarytenoid-->   "

- transverse and oblique arytenoids--> "

500

draw and label waldeyers ring

top = adenoid

lower = tubal

underneath = palatine

bottom = linguinal

Week 3 and 4

100

list the 5 main causative agents of malaria

• P flaciparum
• Pp vivax
• P ovale
• P malariae
• P nowlesi

200

what are the 4 malignant tumour that end with oma

• Lymphoma
• Melanoma
• Mesothelioma
• Myeloma

300

list 7 side effects of chemotherapy

• Anaemia
• Diarhoea
• Infection
• Nausea and vomiting
• Neutropenia
• Skin reactions
• Thrombocytopenia

400

list the differences between benign and malignant tumours

• benign
•  Local growth
  • Don't spread anywheer
  • Little variation formt he      abnornal to normal cells (little pleomorphisms)
  • Expansile
  • Little necrosis
  • Slow drowth
  • Suffix is usually oma
  • Grow slowly and capsules form aroudn them
•  
• Malignant
•  
  • Has it spread somehere else
  • Infiltrative
  • More pleomorhpic
  • Much necrosis
  • Rapid gorwth
  • Suffix is usually carcinoma      or sarcoma
  • No capsule

500

list and describe the 6 key features to cytotoxic chemotherapy

• Cell kill
  • Is the drug able to kill      cells
  • Note that we can never kill      the last cancer cell because the sqaure root of 1 is 1
  • Chemotherapy is toxic to      noraml plus malignant cells
• Kill mechanisms
  • By wha tmechanisms does it      od it
    • Is it a speciifc part of       the cell cycle or is it across a number of parts of the cycle
  • We don’t have gruds that are      particuallrly useful durign the g0 phase
  • In g1 phase (where we      synthesisise the comoponent of DNA
    • The durgs can work at that       biochemcial level, such as anti-metabolites
  • When we go to s and DNA      synthesis, we look at drugs that can stop that syntthetic process
  • When we move into g2      microtoubule inhitors are useful
• Administer cyclically
  • Are we able to give it in      some sort of cyclcical way?
  • The reason we give it in      cycles is because we are killing fboth cancer cells and normal cells
    • We just hope we kill more       nomral cells than cancer cells
  • So you need a rest period      between those cycles of chemotherpay, aprticaullary toa allow white cells      to regenerate sufficiently so that the patient doesn’t become serously      infected
• Give as combinaiton
  • Should it eb given in a      combination
  • Using a combinatino can      reduce or mitigate the possibility of resistance by targeting more than      one mechanism 
• Resistance
  • What likelihood is      resistance
• Dose instensity/toxicity

Week 5

100

what are the two types of gene expressions in a tissue

1. specific

2. house keeping genes

200

what is the main diffenrece between leukaemia and lymphoma 

- where they oringinate from 

- leukaemia is maimnly the bone amrrow

lymohoma is mainly the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus etc...

300

blood stem cells come from the bone marrow. what two main stem cells do we get from this

- myeloid stem cell

- lymphoid stem cell

400

list and describe the enzymes involved in chromatin remodelling

• Histon acetyltrasnferase     (HAT)
  • This adds an acetyl group
  • This enhances gene expresion
• Histone deacetylase (HDAC)
  • This removes acetyl groups
  • This supresses gene      expression

500

list and descriube the 2 aspects of epigenetics

• Histone acetylation and DNA     methylation
  • Histone acetylation
    • You favour gene expression
    • This si an addition of an acetyl group to the tail of the histones
      • This reduces the attraction of the histone s with the DNA
  • DNA methylation
    • You inhibit gene expression
    • After replication, DNA is often modified by addition of methyl groups
    • Occurs most often in the C of CG doublets
    • A lot of CpG islands are methylated
    • As soon as you have cytosine residue methylated it is going to be recognised by MBD (methyl-cpg-Binding domain)

Week 6

100

describe the structure and function of platelets

they are a component of blood whose function (along with the coagulation factors) is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot.[1] Platelets have no cell nucleus: they are fragments of cytoplasm that are derived from the megakaryocytes

200

what is the hardy Weinberg principle (provide equation)

p2+2pq+q2=1

300

provide and explain 2 example of genetic drift

1. founder effect-->-Reduction in genetic variation that results when a small subset of a large population is used to establish a new colony

2. genetic bottleneck-->-Dramatic reduction in population size (& thus its  genetic variation) due to a stochastic event (-e.g. environmental disaster, habitat destruction, hunting to near extinction)

400

what are the 5 factors that can disturb hardy Weinberg equilibrium?

1.Mutation

2.Non-random mating

3.Selection (e.g. natural selection, reproductive fitness)

4.Small population size

5.Migration (gene flow)

500

demonstrate a haematological examination

GOOD LUCK!