Vehicle
Pennsylvania v. Mimms (1977)
Officers may order the driver out of the vehicle during a lawful traffic stop.
Graham v. Conner (1989)
Use of force must meet the 4th amendment's objective reasonableness standard. Force is judged based on the viewpoint of a reasonable officer at the time. Not hindsight.
Rodriguez v. United States (2015)
You cannot extend a traffic stop to conduct a dog sniff without new reasonable suspicion.
Illinois v. Caballes (2005): A dog, sniff during a lawful stop doesn't violate the 4th amendment.
Maryland v. Wilson (1997)
Officers may also order passengers out during a traffic stop.
Arizona v. Johnson (2009): Passengers are subject to terry frisks.
Terry v. Ohio (1968)
Officers may stop and frisk a person with reasonable suspicion of criminal activity and danger.
Georgia v. Randolph (2006)
One resident's objection to a search overrides another's consent. Wife consents, but husband objects. No search allowed.
Arizona v. Gant (2009)
Vehicle searches incident to arrest require access or evidentiary justification. Officer arrests driver for suspended license and searches car. Evidence suppressed.
Deadly force to stop a fleeing suspect is only justified if they pose an immediate threat.
United States v. Sharpe (1985)
The legality of a detention depends on whether police diligently pursued a means of investigation to quickly confirm or dispel their suspicions. (Ex: de facto arrest)
United States v. Ross (1982)
If officers have probable cause to search a vehicle, they can search anywhere the object can be reasonably located.
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
The prosecution is not allowed to present evidence that law enforcement secured during a search that was unconstitutional under the Fourth Amendment.
Kansas v. Glover (2020)
Officers may assume the registered owner of a vehicle is driving unless there is a reason to think otherwise. Officer runs plate, sees owner has a revoked license, and stops car. Stop upheld.
Wyoming v. Houghton (1999)
With probable cause, officers can search passenger belongings that may hold contraband. Officer finds syringe on driver, then searches passenger's purse. Search upheld.
Carroll v. United States (1925)
Offices can search a readily mobile vehicle without a warrant if they have probable cause for contraband inside. The vehicle exception applies due to mobility and lower privacy expectation.
Navarette v. California (2014)
An anonymous 911 tip can justify a traffic stop if it is sufficiently detailed and reliable. You do not need to personally observe criminal activity to make a stop.