Inguinal hernia
The inguinal canal lies __________ to the inguinal ligament.
Superior
Myxofibrosarcoma most commonly occurs in which age group?
Older adults
What is the most common non-lethal skeletal dysplasia?
Achondroplasia
True or False: Epithelial ovarian cancer accounts for over 80% of all ovarian cancer cases.
True
LBWC is a fetal abnormality in which the baby’s organs are outside the abdomen and attached to the ________.
Placenta
Which maneuver improves visualization of an inguinal hernia during ultrasound?
Valsalva
Myxofibrosarcoma most frequently arises in which location?
Superficial soft tissues of extremities
This lethal skeletal dysplasia is associated with narrow thorax and “telephone-receiver”-shaped femurs.
thanatophoric dysplasia
Which subtype accounts for the majority of epithelial ovarian cancers?
a. Clear cell carcinoma
b. Endometroid carcinoma
c. Serous carcinoma
d. Mucinous carcinoma
c. Serous carcinoma
Which of the following is NOT considered a possible risk factor associated with LBWC?
a. Maternal cocaine use
b. Maternal diabetes or hyperglycemia
c. Inherited genetic mutations
d. Alcohol exposure
c. Inherited genetic mutations
Which type of hernia passes through the deep inguinal ring?
Indirect
. Which is a common symptom of superficial myxofibrosarcoma?
A. Painful, fixed mass
B. Soft, slow-growing, painless mass
C. Fluctuating swelling that resolves
D. Warmth and erythema
B. Soft, slow-growing, painless mass
Acrania is typically caused by failure of this embryologic process around week 4.
failure of neural tube closure
Most high-grade epithelial ovarian cancers originate in the __________ before spreading to the uterus.
Distal end of the fallopian tube
Elevated maternal serum ________ may support the diagnosis of LBWC.
Which statement is TRUE about indirect inguinal hernias?
A. They protrude medial to inferior epigastric vessels
B. They pass through Hesselbach’s triangle
C. They are congenital
D. They occur more often in older adults
C. they are congenital
Which imaging characteristic is most typical for myxofibrosarcoma?
A. High fat content
B. Thick-walled cystic mass
C. Multinodular mass with myxoid matrix
D. Uniform hypoechoic lesion
C. Multinodular mass with myxoid matrix
what term describes disorganized brain tissue floating in amniotic fluid in acrania?
Exencephaly
Which tumor marker is most commonly elevated in epithelial ovarian carcinoma?
a. AFP
b. CA-125
c. ß-hCG
d. CEA
b. CA-125
LBWC must be differentiated from other abdominal wall defects. Which feature MOST reliably distinguishes LBWC from conditions like gastroschisis or omphalocele?
Absence or shortening of the umbilical cord
What should be assessed when bowel is seen in a hernia sac? (hint: 2 things)
Peristalsis and vascular flow
Myxofibrosarcoma most commonly metastasizes to which body part?
Lungs
This preventive measure, started at least one month before conception, can reduce neural tube defect risk by up to 70%.
folic acid supplementation
An 81-year-old female presents with pelvic pain, urinary frequency, and a palpable mass in the inguinal canal. Imaging reveals a complex vascular mass with large septations. Her CA-125 level is elevated. Which test provides 100% confirmation of the diagnosis?
Biopsy
A fetus presents with chest and abdominal wall defects, craniofacial abnormalities, limb deformities, and organ evisceration without a protective membrane. Given these findings, which statement BEST explains why the prognosis is uniformly fatal?
a. The abdominal wall defect cannot be surgically repaired in utero
b. Severe structural malformations prevent normal fetal movement, leading to secondary organ damage
c. Maternal diabetes causes irreversible teratogenic effects that cannot be reverses postnatally
d. Elevated AFP levels indicate liver failure, which is incompatible with life
b. Severe structural malformations prevent normal fetal movement, leading to secondary organ damage